Climate change is a phenomenon which already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing by the nature and humanity today (WWF). Sugden et al., (2003) state that, Global climate change is one of the difficult environmental issues in our era. It is an undeniable, pervasive, and insidious planetary crisis that affects every aspect in our lives and our future. The climate change because of two factor involve like the climate system (such as in the oceans or atmosphere) or outside of it (such as in the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth) (Kevin E. Trenberth et al., 2000). It also can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole earth. According Augustin Colette (2007), this change will be threatening the environment, include flora and fauna. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as:
"A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use"
Tourism is one of the largest world industries and it linked with climate change because it sensitive to climate changes in various ways (Amelung & Vier, 2004; WTO, 2003). Tourist attractiveness will be losses or change because of climate change impact on environment in long term (Tien Duc Pham et al., 2010). Thus, tourist in this country will be decrease and effect on the tourism industry and also effect on local economics.
Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes (World Tourism Organization). Tourism is a major service industry ever developed and large profitable in foreign exchange. This industry is also investment that can spur growth industries related to the other. There are several major benefits gained from the development of the tourism industry, such as contributions to the country balance of payments, the development of non-industrial areas, creating employment opportunities, increased income to the entire economy through the multiplier impact and social development.
Tourism in Malaysia is an important industry since 1980's. It is a beautiful tropical tourist destination of the most potential in Asia. It will not only attract tourists but also local residents. Tourism is the largest industries such as coastal and marine protested areas. Generating potential of the tourism industry as the country's new economy can only be realized if efforts to promote and develop tourism and preserve the proper emphasis. This industry can generate employment, local community and revenue. But, it's also can cause problem such as pollution, erosion and others. According David J Midmore et al, (1996) found that soil erosion cause other negative off-side effects that cannot easily be quantified including adverse effects on public health as a result of run-off of chemicals, loss of wildlife habitat and also potential loss of tourism.
Table 1 show that tourist arrivals and tourist receipt to Malaysia since 1981 until 2007. This table shows the highest number of arrivals in the year 2007, more than 20 million who visited Malaysia. While tourist arrivals in 1981 which is about 2.5 million showed the least amount from 1981 to 2007. This situation shows the tourism sector in this country grown consistent with economic development.
Table 1: Tourist arrivals and tourist receipt to Malaysia from 1981-2007
Year
Tourist arrivals
Growth (%)
revenue
Growth (%)
1981
2,533,104
-
1,001
-
1982
2,774,698
9.5
1,132
13.1
1983
2,926,550
5.5
1,329
17.5
1984
2,947,314
0.7
1,426
7.3
1985
3,109,106
5.5
1,543
8.2
1986
3,217,462
3.5
1,669
8.2
1987
3,358,983
4.4
1,795
7.5
1988
3,623,636
7.9
2,012
12.1
1989
4,846,320
33.7
2,803
39.3
1990
7,445,908
54.3
4,473
59.6
1991
5,847,213
-21.5
4,283
-4.8
1992
6,016,209
2.9
4,595
7.3
1993
6,503,860
8.1
5,066
10.2
1994
7,197,229
10.7
8,298
63.8
1995
7,468,749
3.77
9,174.9
10.56
1996
7,138,452
-4.42
10,354.1
12.85
1997
6,210,921
-12.99
9,699
-6.33
1998
5,5550,748
-10.63
8,580
-11.54
1999
7,931,149
42.88
13,450
56.76
2000
10,221582
28.88
17,335.4
28.89
2001
12,775,073
24.98
24,221.5
39.72
2002
13,292,010
4.05
25,781.1
6.44
2003
10,576,915
-20.43
21,291.1
-17.42
2004
15,703,406
48.47
29,651.4
39.3
2005
16,431,055
4.63
31,954.1
7.76
2006
17,546,863
6.79
36,271.7
13.51
2007
20,972,822
19.52
46,094
27.08
Source: Annual Statistical Report, Ministry of Tourism.
National Park Conservation and Preservation
Conservation is the use of natural resources for the greatest number for the longest time (Pinchot, 1947). Conservation of biodiversity is considering as one of the most important objectives encompassing the conservation of limestone diversity i.e. its ecosystem, species and genetic diversities (Latif et al., 2001). The limestone hills found in the park are considered unique and diverse with high scientific and conservation values (Kiew, 1993)
National park Conservation and Protection need to preserve the flora and fauna species as well as to avoid extinction in the near future. This species should be preserved for future generations while preserving the various species of birds, rats, snakes and so forth.
According ceballos-Lascurain (1998) ecotourism use as a tool for conservation and sustainable. Balance between conservation and ecotourism measures should be undertaken to ensure that ecotourism does not affect the coral reefs and affect the conservation efforts undertaken. Aquatic protected areas are established for the purpose of conservation and preservation. In addition it is also intended as a recreational area and tourism.
Basically, national park was establish for conservation and protection the diversity species of flora and fauna proposed for geologist, archaeologist, historian, ethnology and others (Hayati Mohd Dahan et al., 2010). The Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) is responsible for the management of national parks and wildlife reserves in Peninsular Malaysia. The management of these areas is responsible on the planning and implementation of different activities which contribute to the long-term conservation of protected areas and reducing conflicts between human and the environment (DWNP). The development of protected areas was done sustainably to ensure optimum benefit to human and prosperity to the environment for the present and future generation (DWNP).
The Important of Taman Negara
There are four National parks in Malaysia like Taman Negara Pahang National Park, Taman Negara Kelantan, Taman Negara Terengganu and Penang National Park (Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia). National park provides services like unique beauty include waterfall, caves, mountain and species of flora and fauna (national park Thailand). Most of national park benefits are directly while other are obtained indirect.
National parks, as a protected area play significant roles in preservation and maintain wildlife, nature, ecological system as well as recreation and ecotourism activities (Hayati Mohd Dahan et al., 2010). National parks as preservation the various species of flora and fauna to continue the existing of the resources and for future generations. For the evidence, various species of wildlife can be seen in the National park. For example, at the Pahang National Park there are 190 species of fauna recorded; 28 mammals, 14 reptiles, 148 birds and various insects and amphibians.
The park also serves as a research and development areas for the convenience of researchers from domestic and international researchers (Wildlife Management Plan Endau Rompin National Park 2001). Research conducted to provide educational information, interesting stories and beliefs about the history and cultural heritage.
It's also important as ecotourism activities such as jungle trekking, camping, fishing, canopy walkway and bird watching. The Park is also important as a travel destination for recreational activities such as fishing, hiking, boating, etc. (Wildlife Management Plan Endau Rompin National Park 2001). The activities can attract tourists to visit this place for the release and ran from city noise. Besides that, these activities can increase the knowledge about the environmental and provide opportunities for visitors to see the types of bird and fish in closer.
National park is also important as a source of economic income for local residents. Through the opening of the National park as a tourism sector, it can generate the local community. Residents can obtain work as tourist guide, involve in restaurant or stall business, working in a nearby chalet and so on. In addition, residents can enjoy facilities such as transport networks, roads and clinics because of the opening of the National park as a tourism sector.
Besides that, National park plays an important role as water catchment areas. For example, Endau Rompin National Park serves as a water catchment area; particularly for people around the Southeast Pahang (Wildlife Management Plan Endau Rompin National Park 2001). Thus, it can ensure that our nation's water supply is not interrupted during the year.
National parks are also responsible as habitat for many species of flora and fauna. Animals and plants interact with each other and live in a habitat that is well established ecosystem. In the forest there is a food source that allows the animals to live and multiply without any interference because of the shelter. Mc neely and ness (1996) said that, the purpose to protect wildlife and other species for socioeconomic development by local residents.
Taman Negara is also important as a National Heritage (Wildlife Management Plan Endau Rompin National Park 2001). Functions as a national heritage cannot be denied, according to
Problem Statement
Human economic activities like logging, development and deforestation effect on the environment include forest, river and lake. According to Newsome, Moore & Dowling (2004), there are many activities that cause negative impact on the environment such as unplanned recreational activities, visitor traffic, uneven development, pollution, wildlife interference and vehicles use. This destruction often associated with human attitudes that no longer ignore the environmental harmony (Jaffry zakaria et al., 2005). Michiko Nakagawaet al., (2006) said that deforestation occurs because of increasing human population and developing economy. Most of the researcher agrees that there are many activities effects of deforestation on changes in wildlife species abundance such as logged forests (Heydon and Bulloh, 1996; Johns, 1996; Willott et al., 2000), fragmented forests (Lynam, 1997; Cosson et al., 1999; Lynam and Billick, 1999; Harrington et al., 2001), or among developmental stages after the end of cultivation (Wilkie and Finn, 1990; Medellı´n and Equihua, 1998). These effects occur on ecological function, social well-being and also national food security (Leila Ooshaksaraie et al., 2009). Fishbein & Ajzen (1980) and Knapp (1999), found that, people attitude or human behavior responsible on the environment. There are several ways to balance and maintain the global resource and ecosystem for benefit future generation such as create harmonious relationship between the environment and development for our continuous survival on earth (Gandu, 2006).
So, it is necessary to maintain and preserves forests include national park in Malaysia but it's difficult to maintain or conserve the forests because the country do not get many benefit from the forest and revenue will be reduced compared if do logging, development, selling of forest products which will result in a more lucrative income. In order to solve this problem, there are several techniques to conservation the forest without prejudice to national income such as the system that practiced by the Prince Of Wales, Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Ulu Masen forest in Aceh, Maliau Basin in Sabah and others. This method will be discussed in chapter three.
The few questions arise, what the type's mechanisms to estimate the optimum payment scheme for Taman Negara? How to define the optimum payment scheme for Taman Negara? How to estimate the effect of optimum payment scheme for Taman Negara?
1.5 Objective
The objective of this study is to find market-based mechanisms to estimate the optimum payment scheme for Taman Negara. The other objective is:
To evaluate the value of forest service's by relevance stakeholder for conservation.
To investigated the effects of optimum payment scheme for Taman Negara
We hope the result from this study will show the optimum values of forest provide by National Park.
1.6 The Thesis Structure
The rest of the paper organized as follows. Chapter 1 provides brief information about research country in general, national park conservation and protection, the important of national park, objective, and problem statement. In the next chapter, we will discuss past studied that related to the topic and the Prince of Wales method. Chapter 3 describes the methodology used, including the survey design and estimated mode by using Prince of Wales. Chapter 4 presents the results while chapter 5 concludes and proposes avenues for future research.
