Intravenous urogram or IVU is better known as one of many tests x-rays to assist in producing an anatomic structure and processes that occur in normal human urinary system with the help of contrast medium injection through the nerves. This is usually called intravenous pyelogram (IVP).
Intravenous urography is an x-ray test in which the excretory system will be reviewed by the liquid method and system of IVU (intravenous urography) for diagnostic purposes. From a variety of other ways to get the image of the excretory system, the injection of intravenous contrast agent into the traditionally is considered the best and safe way. IVU kidneys to excrete fluid into the urine (the urine). X rays can produce an image of each structure in through the urine (the urine).
~ Antegrade Pyelography distinguish this procedure from "retograde pyelography" in which fluid is injected into the bottom end of the system, so will the process of reversal of the drainage of urine or "retograde." Retograde pyelography is one of the best ways to detect problems that occur at the bottom of the system and it is the only way to generate images using x-rays if there is any problem in the kidney or kidneys can not function properly.
~ Nephrotomography a difference in the way of taking images where the image is obtained through x-rays sources are constantly moving into the film that is constantly moving in opposite directions. With the exact coordinates of the movement , to all but one plane of tissue surfaces that appear blurred , and the plane will look after another without a shadow .Each of the existing methods to produce high quality images excretory system, the question is which method is most suitable. Every different situation or a situation requiring special needs, while each technique has its own specialty.
~ Nuclear inspection depends on the radiations emitted by several types of specific atoms. Chemicals that contain atoms to be injected into the patient's bloodstream. If the chemical is able to attend to the kidney, where the resulting image quality depends on the amount of radiation released. Radiation is not dangerous as x-rays commonly used. Images that require intensive training is important so that images can be reviewed and discussed this, they often provide a unique and useful information to help treat patients. Thus, the technology is often used to study abnormal events in the excretory system. Different chemicals that are able to collaborate with radiation to study the different tissues. The technique requires several days for the chemicals react and focus on the desired destination. It also requires a special detector to produce an image.
~ Ultrasound or ultrasonic wave is the fastest method, a safe, simple and inexpensive way to acquire images of internal organs. Although it is not to create an image of each organ of view more clearly, it may be sufficient.
~ Retrograde pyelography is way better and more effective to study the problems or any abnormal activity that occurs at the bottom of the system and is the only way to conduct x-rays if the kidneys can not function normally. Often the liquid will be injected through the equipment (cytoscope) penetrate into the bladder through uretera.
~ Computed tomography scans (CT or CAT scanning) is an examination using the same type of radiation used in x ray examinations, the difference is that the machine collects the information through the computer in a form that can be built as three-dimensional images, remove or prevent image interference from adjacent structures.CT examination requires special equipment.
~ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is examining the use of magnetic waves and radio frequency signals, rather than using the ionized radiation to produce images of the computer. Forms of energy like this is entirely safe form of energy used while the patient does not carry or possess any object oriented pure iron during the inspection.The technique should be used in this examination is more when compared with CT.MRI requires specialized equipment, being powerful magnet is needed, a special building to be built for this examination. And it takes a high cost.
SECURITY MEASURE
Only the most important complications of IVP and dangerous, has allergies to iodine-containing fluid to be used. Allergies such as the following are rare, but it is very dangerous and can cause death. Emergency action is taken quickly are often quite effective.
DESCRIPTION
IVPs are done usually in the morning, to wear clothes that are available in x-ray department, the patient will remove all clothing and will be in supine. There are two ways to inject a liquid chemical into the body. Intravenous line process can be carried out, in which the continuous liquid will be put into the body during the procedure. The other way is to give all of the liquid chemical through the needle at the same time a new issue. X-rays will be taken until the liquid is until into the bladder, the presence can be seen within half an hour or less. Patients will be asked to empty the bladder, bowel with before undergoing a final x-rays.
SYMPTOM
• Children who throw water at night.
• Frequent urination.
• Pain and burning sensation when urinating.
• Fever and feeling cold
• Pain or aches in the back below the ribs
POSSIBLE DANGERS
~ Effects of allergy to contrast agents are the only hazards that may occur. Anyone with a possible allergic reaction to iodine or before the x-rays must take precautionary measures to address the problem with interpreter x-ray.
~ Talks
~ Urinary tract infection
DEFINITION
The most common problems and was treated by doctors. Urinary tract infection may be known as the 'infection' bladder (cystitis) if the bacteria found in the bladder or kidney infection (pyelonephritis) if there are bacteria in the kidneys.
PROCEDURES FOR INTRAVENOUS UROGRAM
Indication
 Patients experience pain in the kidneys (the renal)
 Heamaturia
 kidney infection recurring
 Trauma
 urinary tract diseases (urine)
Contra-indications
 Thyrotoxikosis
 For patients taking metaformin
 hepato renal syndrome
 Pregnancy
Patient preparation
Emptying the contents (feces) in the intestine using a laxative or enema to avoid the shadow of fecal from anatomical structures prevent urinary tract system. An empty stomach to avoid the complications patients often spit, vomit, rare effects caused by contrast agents. Thus, the night before the IVP (intravenous pyelogram) patients asked to empty the contents of the stomach, do not eat dairy products and are advised to drink lots of water cooking. Here is the sequence of patient preparation before the examination.
 Preparation am a patient, the patient will be given laxative (laxative) within 24 hours prior to inspection, to ensure the volume feces fully excreted.
 The patient will take a laxative the oral (by mouth) 2-6 hours before the examination.
 Patients are advised to plenty of runs because in this way can reduce the amount of air into the stomach.
 Adaptation of patient preparation is required for certain patient groups for example children, people with diabetes and predisposes patients to health controls, in line with current action.
Patient care
• Treatment to calm the patient through psychological
• The needle wound cleaned and checked the extravasasi.
• Check whether the patient understands the procedures to be performed.
• Make sure the patient understands any preparation instructions and when finished.
• accompanied by a copy of the patient into the room.
Radiation center (central ray)
Films for the control of abdominal
• Radiation Centre should be accurate and are in the upright position (right in the middle of the line L3 of the margin coastal.
• Make sure that the position required to be right in the middle area to make sure the top looks and renal simphysis pubis is also evident in the image
• The process performed while patients hold their breath after being given directions by an x-ray.
Film renal sections
• Centre should be in the direct rays of the center line at a midpoint of the ats and below the renal end.
• Exposure is made on the patients hold their breath on the direction of x-ray interpreters.
Film bladder
• Central ray angled 15 degrees downward and centered on the center line bpada simphysis the pubis and ASIS
Protection from radiation.
• Use the gonad shield made of lead materials, protection of Kings Lyn or 'half apron' when necessary.
Here are the steps IVU examination
The type of film IVU
• Film preliminary
• Film immediate
• Film 5 minutes
• Film 10 minutes
• Film Release
• Film postmicturation
Film preliminary: size of the film which is used 35x43cm
Function
- To see a patient's bowel preparation
- Identify the position of the renal
- Determining the exposure factor
- Looking for any pathology
Film immediate: size of the film which is used 24x30cm
Technique
- Images taken after injection of contrast media
- The dose of contrast medium was 50ml, and the image taken immediately after the injection is made
Goal
- See opacity renal and evaluate the system after his kidney perinkima injected contrast media
- To show nephrogram phase of the renal parenchyma shows
5 minute film: size of film - 35x30cm
Technique
- KUB image after 5 minutes of contrast medium injected
Goal
- To assess the secretion of contrast media in both renal
- To see the symmetry in both kidneys
- Demonstrate system pelvis
15 minutes film: Size of film which is used 24x30cm
Technique
- The emphasis used to suppress the patient's abdomen
- Radiographs kidney after pressure for 10 minutes performed 15 minutes after injection
Purpose
- To demonstrate the system pelvis kalikseal
- Indicates the density of the pelvis with contrast agent system
- Prevention of contrast media down to the ureter
Film release: Size of film - 35 x 43 cm
Technique
- KUB radiograph after total removal tool emphasis
The purpose
- to show the entire urinary tract
- To see a complete contrast media flow whole ureter
Film postmicturation: Size of film - 35 x 43 cm
Technical
- Pictures taken after the urine removed from the bladder urine
Goal
- To ensure that the remaining balance of contrast media in the urinary tract
- To assess the ability ureter and bladder emptying
- Show any abnormality such as bladder tumor
The way of contrast media injection
- Medial vein injected kubital with 19 gouge needle dam is a temperature contrast agents (40 degrees Celsius) in the bill continues.
THE PURPOSE FOR INSPECTIONS CARRIED IVU
Many diseases that occur in the kidneys, ureters and bladder will respond with a decision that should be accepted after the procedure carried out, which should have two phases. First of all, it requires a functioning kidney to filter the liquid out of the blood and into the urine (the urine). The time required for a liquid chemical that is to look at x - ray examinations carried out precisely at the time of kidney function. The second phase shows the anatomical features of the image clearer. For the first few minutes, the liquid chemical to be 'shining' in the kidney, a phase which is called nephrogram. The sequence of images which would indicate that the chemical liquid to be downloaded through the organs of the ureter and excretory systems directly into the bladder. The last film of him taken after the patient's bowel and the images will show how well the bladder removed.
IVP is one method of inspection is often carried out in order to detect any structural abnormality or blockage of urine drainage in the urinary tract. If the kidneys showed no abnormal reaction Bals, more films are required to record the earliest phases of the process.
• Formation of kidney stones, tumors (tumor) and congenital defect from birth.
• Abnormalities of kidney and the cancer appears.
• Surgery or transfer to the kidney or ureter causing space to infection like cancer for example.
• Bladder cancer and other defects as shown by the liquid in the bladder.
• Prostate gland enlargement will be shown when the bladder does not empty completely may enforce and there is a bump at the end of the bladder.
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