Cancer is described as a disease due to uncontrolled growth of cells or cells in a tissue. Depending on the location of the cell, there are different types of cancer over 100 (1). This uncontrolled growth produces a mass of cells called tumor (TOP).depending on the movement of the cell it is classified as benign tumor and malignant tumor. Benign tumor does not cause cancer, it only grow at one place and does not invade other tissue. Malignant tumors cause cancer due to metastasis property (11...
Food borne illness (also food borne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins. Causes Food borne illness usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or food storage. Good hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the chances of contracting an illness. There is a consensus...
Introduction There are numerous examples showing that hopeful monsters might have contributed to evolution by mutations in key regulatory genes (Bharathan et al., 2002; Colosimo et al., 2005; Sucena et al., 2005). The model for such genes is the homeobox genes which play a key role in the specification of the animal body plan in both development and evolution. For example Pax-6 Hox gene containing a paired-box and homeobox, from mice (which triggers eye formation) can induce the formation of ...
Atherosclerosis is defined as the thickening of the sub-endothelium of arteries by atheromatous plaque. This gradual deposition of atheroma has been found to be present even from the young age of 2 and the speed of progression increases as cardiovascular risk factors such as LDL of over 70mg/dL, hypertension, blood pressure above 120/80mmHg, obesity, low high density lipoprotein (HDL) and smoking increases. Studies indicated that atherosclerosis initiation is due to monocyte recruitment cause...
Process design and optimisation serves as an important aspect of the initialisation of any biologically suited commercial manufacturing process meant for the large scale production of vital and economically important products like hormones, proteins, complex macromolecules serving as fuel alternates. The sustainability and the efficiency of such commercial viable processes are largely influenced by the periodic monitoring and optimisation of the parameters that are involved and directly affec...
Gunderson et al. (2008) reported in his study that so many antibiotics are marketed for resistant gram positive bacteria; no new antibiotic was available for many years. The medical practitioners require more effective ways to use the existing drugs. Colistin, an older antibiotic but the practitioners still consider it as a very effective antibacterial spectrum, especially for Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spps. They plotted time kill curves for the 2 strains after treating with Colistin alon...
There has been an increase in the number and prevalence of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) as well as advances in diagnostic methods and drug therapies for disease caused by these agents.1 Improved diagnostics have allowed enhanced detection and more-accurate species identification of Mycobacteria isolated from clinical specimens, including the classification of species not recognized earlier.2 Although often regarded as environmental contaminants with no evidence of human to human transmi...
The solubility and dissolution rate of active ingredients are of major importance in preformulation studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In the present study passively absorbed drugs are classified based on their intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and their intestinal permeabilities. Intrinsic dissolution rate was determined by measuring the dissolution of a non-disintegrating disk of drug and effective intestinal permeability of tested drugs in rat jejunum was determined using single perfus...
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is primarily the most important cause for disabilities in children. CP rate is approximately 2 to 3 per 1000 live births in European countries (SCPE, 2000) the National Institutes of Health Clinical Centre (CC) investigated the newborn babies in the United State, they found that 0.25% of newborns are affected by CP (CC, 2009) and this rate is same for most of the developed countries (Bonellie, 2007; Pharoah, 1998; Sciberras C, 1999; SCPE, 2000). In addition, this rate incr...
There are a vast number of ways that cause DNA damage and the cell has an extensive network of machinery to deal with DNA damage. The DNA-damage response is a signal transduction pathway involving sensors, transducers and effectors (fig. 1)(Zhou and Elledge 2000). The effecter proteins are involved in carrying out the various activities of the DNA-damage response, including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and DNA repair (fig. 1). Basically sensor proteins become aware of DNA damage and initi...
