Fossil fuels are also known as mineral fuels. It's found as hydrocarbons within the upper layer of the crust of the earth. These are the fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The fossil fuels, which contain high percentages of carbon, include petroleum, coal and natural gas. These fossil fuels are formed because of different chemical activities over a course of millions of years out dead plants and animals. Coal, natural gas and oil are example of biomass energy in concentrated form.
As its natural source of energy it is now becoming an attractive source.
Natural gas shares 20 % of total energy consumption on the globe. It's a fossil fuel source and its fasted growing fossil fuel. Burning of such fuels produces carbon dioxide and other gases and solid waste particles in case of solid fossil fuel. Gases produced in this process are known as greenhouse gases. These gases play a role just like the glass play in greenhouse. These gases do not allow radiating heat outside of earth surface which make the environment hot. This natural phenomenon is known as greenhouse effect. As much we burn fossil fuel, greenhouse gases are produced as by products in same ratio which increases the greenhouse effect and our earth and environment become hotter. These are directly related to global warming. Burning of fossil fuels produces methane gas which combines with water in atmosphere and leads to acid rains. Acid rain is very harmful for all leaving things. Even it destroys the health of productive crops fields.
Alternatives of fossil fuel: In part 2, we have seen that even fossil fuel is an attractive source of energy, its harmful for life.
Fossil fuels are a major source of energy and energy is the backbone of today world. Side effect of use of these fuels is dangerous (byproducts which cause environmental problems and health hazards). Carbon dioxide and other byproduct gases contribute to global warming. In 20th century, the average temperature of earth was raised by one degree due to these effects. During that period, there was huge industrial growth which led huge consumption of natural energy resources.
Let us consider alternatives for fossil fuel:
Solar Energy: This is a renewable source of energy. Thermonuclear reaction in earth core and surface produces solar energy. It consists of complete electromagnetic radiation including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and radio waves.
Advantage:
Since light travels a large distance to reach the earth, most of radioactive and chemical polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reaction diverts in the way and do not reach at earth surface.
The amount of energy reaching at earth surface is great but a major percentage of energy is reflected back by earth outer environmental covers.
Disadvantage:
Solar energy is a very diffuse source of energy. We need to collect it in specific amount using reflectors to produce sufficient heat which lead to electricity production. There are three steps, collecting rays, converting them into heat and then electricity and finally storage.
Wind Energy: This is also a renewable source of energy. Wind gets continuous energy from the radiation of sun. Around 1-2% of total energy received from sun is converted to wind energy which is hundreds of times more than energy converted to biomass by all plants on the earth.
Ground surface influences Winds up to 100 meters altitude. The wind motion is slowed down by abstracts at earth surface like, buildings, hills, forest. Wind energy which can be utilized is related to those parts of the wind which are close to the earth surface.
These winds powers are utilized by wind turbines. It produces torque which acts on rotor blade. Electromagnetically, this energy is converted to electrical energy. The energy produced depends on many things. Wind speed, wind density, rotor area play very crucial role in wind energy production. Windmill converts wind energy to electrical energy.
Advantage:
One of the good advantages of wind energy is that, it does not depend on day or night. Wind flow throughout so the production of electrical energy from wind energy is continuous which not the case in case of solar energy is. Of course, the wind speed, density is not uniform throughout so there is some variation (sometimes rapid variation).
Assignment #2
Heat and Temperature
1. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter?
Sol:
Heat transfer by conduction is explained by the kinetic theory of matters. According to kinetic theory of matter, the material particles move much faster at high temperature. Therefore particles at height temperature have high energy. During the course of movements fast moving particles collide with slow moving particles and transfer some of their energy to them which increase the speed of slower particle and decrease that of faster one. During this continuous collision process and movements of particle, energy is distributed across the volume.
In this way study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter.
2. What is heat?
Sol: Heat is the process of energy transfer from one system to another system through thermal connection between two systems. Energy flows from higher temperature to lower temperature.
3. What is temperature?
Sol: Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold i.e. it's the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment
4. What is the relationship between heat and temperature?
Sol: We can consider temperature as an amount of heat. Heat is a form of energy, and temperature is the measure of it. Heat is the cause, while temperature is the effect. Heat and temperature vary directly - more heat, more temperature, less heat, less temperature.
5. How are they different?
Sol: Heat is not a temperature. Perhaps the reason the two are usually and incorrectly thought to be the same is because as human beings on Earth our everyday experience leads us to notice that when you add heat to something, say like putting a pot of water on the stove, then the temperature of that something goes up. More heat, more temperature - they are not same.
6. What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity?
Sol: The substance determining heat capacity:
Gets or sets the accessible role of the control
Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can accept data that the user drags onto it.
Gets or sets which edges of the control are anchored to the edges of its container.
Overrides Back Color and provides invalidation logic.
Gets or sets the background image displayed in the control.
7. What are the various sources of heat?
Sol: Solid fuels, such as coal, liquid fuels, such as gasoline and oil, and gaseous fuels, such as propane and natural gas, such as propane and natural gas, all contain chemical energy
Assignment #3
Compound and Mixture
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
1. Describe the difference between a mixture and a compound
Sol:
Difference between a mixture and a compound
A compound is made of two or different elements in fixed proportion at atomic level while a mixture are just collection of two or more compounds or elements.
Smallest part of the compound is called molecule while there is no smallest part in case of mixture.
Molecule has no relation with physical and chemical properties of its constituents while mixture has combined properties of all of its constituents.
A compound cannot be separated while mixture can be separated
Mixture has all chemical and physical properties of its constituents while compound has nothing to do with
Mixture are heterogeneous while compounds are homogeneous .
During the formation of compounds, energy is released or consumed while no change in energy in case of formation of mixtures.
Examples of Compounds: Water, Table Sugar, Table Salt.
Examples of Mixtures: Soil, ocean water, air.
2. Suppose that you have a pure substance. How can you tell whether it is a compound or an element?
Sol: To determine whether the pure substance is an element or compound, we will see if it can be broken down further. If it can be broken down further, then it's a compound. If it's not broken down, then it's an element.
3. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
Sol: Ionic bonds occur when anions and cations attract by virtue of their opposite charges, whereas covalent bonds occur when atoms share valence electrons.
Ionic bond occur between metal and non metals, whereas covalent bond occurs between two metals
Ionic bond has low melting point, whereas covalent bond has high melting point.
Ionic bond has low boiling point, whereas covalent bond has high boiling point.
Ionic bond has low Polarity, whereas covalent bond has high Polarity.
4. Explain why ionic compounds are formed when a metal from the left side of the periodic table reacts with a nonmetal from the right side. Give two examples of such compounds.
Sol: Elements from lefts side of the periodic table are electron rich metals while on right side of the periodic table, there are nonmetals which are electron deficient. Both these group combines with some electronic transfer mechanism and form ionic bonds. If these extremes are combined, such as in RbF, the dissociation energy is large.
5. Explain why covalent bonds are formed when nonmetals from the right side of the periodic table bond with each other. Give two examples of such compounds
Sol: Elements which are close together in electro negativity tend to form covalent bonds and can exist as stable free molecules. Carbon dioxide is a common example.
Assignment #4
Our Ecosystem and Environment
Describe your local and surrounding ecologies and environments
Sol: In my surrounding environment, much area is developed as farm. Farming is major business here. There are three main seasons, Rainy Season, summer and winter. Now days, due to industrialization and global warming, the heat are increasing day by day.
One can find the animals like: Ship, Goat, Cow, Bull, Dog etc.
There are sufficient sources of water, like rivers, dams etc.
List the specific factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment.
Sol: Here we discuss the factors that distinguish local ecology and environment:
Food Availability, Lifestyle, Energy Sources, Hills, Amount of rain, Water sources etc.
Discuss how human activities have affected your local ecosystems
Sol:
Here we discuss how human activities affect local ecosystems:
Human activities are the major cause of all changes in environment (most of the time in negative prospective). Daily human activities affect water resources in very bad ways. Industrial wastage are also playing main role in polluting water resources and air. Draining system are major causes of river and lake pollution which badly affect people living along the bank of the river. Chemical plants are affects air and water resources in very dangerous way. These effects cause long term disease and health hazards. Use of transport systems at mass level not only consumes huge amount of natural resources but also produce huge amount of greenhouse gases which leads greenhouse effects and hence global warming. Air pollution is another bad effect on local ecosystem which affect the health of human beings in long term prospective.
Describe the ways that global warming might affect your local ecosystems
Sol: Due to cutting of trees at large amount, we are facing the problem of global warming. This affects in following ways to our local ecosystem:
Spread of disease: As heat is increasing, the disease carring insects are migrating bringing plague and disease with them.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
There is an ocean at a distance of 500km from here. As the temperature of oceans rises, so will the probability of more frequent and stronger hurricanes.
Although some areas of Earth will become wetter due to global warming, other areas will suffer serious droughts and heat waves.
Before some period, there was uniqueness in all the three seasons, but now a days the amount of heat is increased in summer, the amount of rain is also increased and the amount of cold is also increased in winter.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century. That's why we are facing horrible problems like Tsunami.
5. Relative to other parts of the world, would your local ecosystems be affected more or less?
Sol: Yes, I can say that relative to other parts of the world, our local ecosystems are affected less, because in our ecosystem, most of the area is under agriculture and forest. Also we have dumping grounds for garbage management. These dumping grounds don't allow the water to percolate.
In this way the water resources are getting saved.
Many research institutes, agriculture colleges and farmers have their own green house. In this way the advantage of green house is getting spread on large extent.
