The term Web 2.0 is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site gives its users the free choice to interact or collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators ( presume ) of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites where users (consumer) are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them. Examples of Web 2.0 include social-networking sites, blogs, wikis, video-sharing sites, hosted services, web applications, mishaps and folksonomies.
The term is closely associated with Tim O'Reilly because of the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in 2004.Although the term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not refer to an update to any technical specifications, but rather to cumulative changes in the ways software developers and end-users use the Web. Whether Web 2.0 is qualitatively different from prior web technologies has been challenged by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, who called the term a "piece of jargon, precisely because he intended the Web in his vision as "a collaborative medium, a place where we could all meet and read and write". He called it the 'Read/Write Web'.
The term "Web 2.0" was coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci, a consultant on electronic information design (information architecture).
In terms of the lay public, the term Web 2.0 was largely championed by bloggers and by technology journalists, culminating in the 2006 TIME magazine Person of The Year (You).
WEB 1.0 VS WEB 2.0
Web 1.0 is a simpler and less technical version of the World Wide Web and is accepted as "read-only". It began in 1991 and ended in 2003. It is a static phase and the users did not have the opportunity to actually participate in its evolution.
Web 2.0 on the other hand is a more dynamic and interactive phase of www. It is a "read-write" and has created more opportunities for internet users to participate into broader communication by blogging and micro-blogging websites, social networking capabilities and other more refined and advanced technologies.
Web 1.0 may be considered as an ordinary telephone, while Web 2.0 can be referred to as the mobile or cellular phone. Web 1.0 is the original concept, simple and static.
Web 2.0is an upgrade of Web 1.0. Web 2.0 focuses on building communities, evidently seen in the widespread propagation of blog sites and social networking. Speedier connection, more interactive websites, user-participation in building and spreading information are all features of Web 2.0.
WEB 3.0
Web 3.0 is about semantic web (the meaning of data), personalization, intelligent search and behavioral advertising.
Web 3.0 is based on "intelligent" web applications using:
Natural language processing
Machine-based learning and reasoning
Intelligent applications
Web 3.0 is about openness in the sense that when u open application programming interfaces(APIs), protocols, data formats, open-source software platforms and open data, you open up possibilities for creating new tools. Web 3.0 allows users to roam freely from database to database, program to program.
KEY WORDS
API:An application programming interface (API) is an interface implemented by a software program that enables it to interact with other software. It facilitates interaction between different software programs similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers.
HTTP:The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
XML:Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form.
SOAP:originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks.
JSON:JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange.
REST:Representational State Transfer (REST) is a style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web.
URL:Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it.
CLOUD COMPUTING:Is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.
WEB 2 TOOLS
WEB SERVICES AND WEB API
Web services are application programming interfaces (API) or web APIs which are accessed using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and are executed on a remote system hosting the requested services.
The W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) defines a "Web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards."
A Web API is a combination of a defined set of HTTP request messages and a definition of the structure of response messages, typically expressed in JSON or XML. Web API is sometimes considers a synonym for web services but the Web 2.0 applications have moved away from SOAP based web services to direct REST style communications.
Web APIs allow the combination of multiple services into new applications known as mashups.
folksonomy
Folksonomy, a term coined by Thomas Vander Wal, is a portmanteau of folk and taxonomy.
It is a system of creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content. It is also known as collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, and social tagging
Tagging is one of the main defining characteristic of Web 2.0 services which allows users to collectively classify and find information.
Folksonomiesand tagging are still relatively young, but their impact on the development of the web has been large. Currently folksonomies are primarily used in social networking sites, such as Facebook, that offer access to large image collections. They are, however, increasingly finding homes in museums, libraries, and a large assortment of educational and corporate environments. Folksonomiesand tagging are being met with skepticism by some in the information sciences who argue that these schemes are philosophically relativistic and will lead to a system breakdown (Peterson, 2006). Other information professionals appreciate the weaknesses inherent to folksonomies, yet still celebrate their potential for creative and dynamic information organization (Guy & Tonkin, 2006).
AJAX
Ajax, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, is a group of client-side web development techniques used to create interactive web applications. The Ajax web applications can retrieve data asynchronously from the server in the background without interfering with the display and behaviour of the existing page, hence leading to dynamic interfaces on the web pages.
An Ajax application eliminates the start-stop-start-stop nature of interaction on the Web by introducing an intermediary - an Ajax engine - between the user and the server.
Google is making a huge investment in developing the Ajax approach. All of the major products Google have introduced over the last year - Orkut, Gmail, the latest beta version of Google Groups, Google Suggest, and Google Maps - are Ajax applications. (For more on the technical nuts and bolts of these Ajax implementations, check out these excellent analyses of Gmail, Google Suggest, and Google Maps.) Others are following suit: many of the features that people love in Flickr depend on Ajax, and Amazon's A9.com search engine applies similar techniques.
RSS
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works-such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video-in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based.
RSS modules extend the basic XML scheme to provide more robust syndication of content. This allows for more diverse, yet standardized, transactions without modifying the core RSS specification.
Some RSS 2.0 modules with established namespaces are:
Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module
Media RSS 2.0 Module
OpenSearch RSS 2.0 Module
BLOGS
A blog (a blend of the term web log) is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order.
Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.
Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (video blogging), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than 112,000,000 blogs.
CONTENT SYNDICATION
Content syndication is a form of syndication in which website material is made available to multiple other sites. Most commonly, web syndication refers to making web feeds available from a site in order to provide other people with a summary of the website's recently added content (for example, the latest news or forum posts). The term can also be used to describe other kinds of licensing website content so that other websites can use it.
Delicious
Delicious (formerly del.icio.us), founded by Joshua Schachter in 2003 and acquired by Yahoo! in 2005, is a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. By the end of 2008, the service claimed more than 5.3 million users and 180 million unique bookmarked URLs. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
Delicious uses a non-hierarchical classification system in which users can tag each of their bookmarks with freely chosen index terms (generating a kind of folksonomy). A combined view of everyone's bookmarks with a given tag is available making it possible to view bookmarks added by other users.
All bookmarks are public by default, although they can be marked private by the users. The public aspect is emphasized; the site is not focused on storing private ("not shared") bookmark collections.Delicious linkrolls, tagrolls, network badges, RSS feeds, and the site's daily blog posting feature can be used to display bookmarks on weblogs.
Facebook is a social networking website launched in February 2004 that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc., with more than 500 million]active users in July 2010, which is about one person for every fourteen in the world.Users can add people as friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. Additionally, users can join networks organized by workplace, school, or college. The website's name stems from the colloquial names of books given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the US with the intention of helping students to get to know each other better. Facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or older to become a member of the website.
A January 2009 Complete.com study ranked Facebook as the most used social network by worldwide monthly active users, followed by My space. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade 'best-of' list, saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?"
Orkut
Orkut is a social networking website that is owned and operated by Google Inc. The service is designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. The website is named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten.
Although Orkut is less popular in the United States than competitors Facebook and MySpace, it is one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil. In fact, as of April 2010, 48.0% of Orkut's users are from Brazil, followed by India with 39.2% and United States with 2.2%.
As of August 2010, Alexa traffic ranked Orkut 73rd in the world; the website currently has more than 100 million active users worldwide. Anyone 13 years old or older can join orkut.
Google Maps
Google Maps (formerly Google Local) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free (for non-commercial use), that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not in real time; they are several years old. "Google Maps uses a close variant of the Mercator projection, so it cannot show areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth, a stand-alone program which offers more globe-viewing features, including showing polar areas.
LinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking site. Founded in December 2002 and launched in May 2003,it is mainly used for professional networking. As of 9 August 2010, LinkedIn had more than 75 million registered users, spanning more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. The site is available in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.
The purpose of the site is to allow registered users to maintain a list of contact details of people they know and trust in business. The people in the list are called Connections. Users can invite anyone (whether a site user or not) to become a connection.
AdSense API
The AdSense API enables developers to programmatically generate ad code snippets for insertion into a publisher's web pages. The API can also filter out unwanted ads and generate detailed reports about clickthrough performance.
This document assumes that you are familiar with AdSense and the functionality available on the AdSense website. (The API provides a subset of that functionality.) This document also assumes familiarity with web services in general, and with the programming language you will be using.
To access AdSense accounts programmatically, you build web service clients that connect to one or more of the AdSense API web services. The services are listed below. If you are not already familiar with these services, you can learn about them by creating and using an AdSense account at Google AdSense. This website has user controls for interactively setting the various fields, properties and operations, with immediate visual previews of the ads and search boxes you are producing.
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
The Amazon Web Services (AWS) are a collection of remote computing services (also called web services) that together make up a cloud computing platform, offered over the Internet by Amazon.com. The most central and well-known of these services are Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3.
Launched in July 2002, Amazon Web Services provide online services for other web sites or client-side applications. Most of these services are not exposed directly to end users, but instead offer functionality that other developers can use. In June 2007, Amazon claimed that more than 330,000 developers had signed up to use Amazon Web Services.
Amazon Web Services' offerings are accessed over HTTP, using REST and SOAP protocols. All are billed on usage, with the exact form of usage varying from service to service.
CONCLUSION
Web 2.0 tools are seen to have tremendous potential for both individuals and business. The whole of the internet world has been made dynamic through the use of web 2.0 applications.
These tools help the users to be in touch with the whole world easily and share information within seconds. They also help in business in a way by providing easy access to the websites and faster transactions.
Hence knowledge about web 2.0 has become very essential and also this knowledge would help us better understand the upcoming web 3.0 technology.
