When this discussion maintain unanswered, this chapter discuss what is the real failures of peacekeeping in Rwanda. The real failures happened in 1993 in designing a 'neutral international force', which recently we have known as the UNAMIR(the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda, to assist to implement the Arusha Accords. The failures, which were in part the result of inadequate communication and harmony and political dynamic between UNSC and UN Secretariat and in part of the idea in UNSC that mission in Rwanda was not important, instigated to the growing of mission that was not matched to the real one. In spite of intelligence obtained that proposed threats to the mission, Secretary-General Ghali's shortage of leadership and his reluctant action to risks compounded them.
In 1994, the failures largely grew an effective response. But the missions' answer choices were limited when the mission confronted a strong challenge from genocidaires forces in 1994. Several Western soldiers would not have been possible to alter the balance of military in Rwanda unlike Sierra Leone, Liberia, and East Timor where a fast response presented by a capital military power altered the dynamics on those regions. On the other hand, these responses did not present in Rwanda, and mission broke down, as did the peace process, yielding to large-scale genocide. Unfortunately UNAMIT â…¡, a subsequent peacekeeping mission after interruption of genocide and victory of the war, was useless. Though there were coordinated problems and other management challenges, UNAMIT did make humanitarian assistance to be possible in parts of Rwanda's people.
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Background
From the 1960s, Mouvement Rwandanaise National pour le Development (MRND) which was led by Habyarimana ruled Rwanda for about 25 years. The major ethnic group of Rwanda, Hutus composed MRND and other minor ethnic groups such as Tutsi sustainedly were restricted to position of government, military and activity in economy. In at the end of 1980s, collapsing global prices of coffee which is important export item in Rwanda, and the resulting IMF-imposed structural modification deepened rising injustice.
On 1990, the dissenter movement, the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), largely consisted of Rwanda Tutsis, came from Uganda and fought well, so the fight was going in their favor against government forces, the Forces Armees Rwandaise (FAR). RPF had quickly seized principle north area and were advancing to the capital Kigali as fast as possible. After four days of the dissenter movement, France intervened and sent troops to Kigali to support Habyarimana's government. Zaire also sent well trained 1000 troops to Rwanda. Because of effort of France and Zaire, the FAR pushed the RPF back into Uganda.
However, with a new leadership the RPF got into Rwanda again and built bases in the border between Rwanda and Uganda. With the vantage point, they raided and invaded FAR, because of the situation Rwanda was weakened and destabilized, particularly in economy. Then, after failure of FAR offensive in at the end of 1991, the RPF executed massive attacks and holed entire border between Uganda and Rwanda. And it caused more serious economic impact to Rwanda and a half million people were turned away from Rwanda.
During this period, the United State, France, and Belgium staged diplomatic effort to place them into negotiations. In 1991 negotiations between the FAR and RPF were not clear. In early 1992, U. S., France attempted to pressure on RPF and FAR to agree to begin peace discussions. In middle 1992, the two parties agreed to get a discussion, and Tanzania made the discussion possible and it held in Arusha.
In this period, U. S. and France pressed the Rwanda government to be democratized and re-organized itself as a multiparty government. In middle 1992, discussion between two parties advanced quickly and the RPF and the FAR negotiators initialed, not singed, on agreements of power sharing, integration and political cooperation. The both sides went back to their bases to make consultations.
On 12 October, the FAR and RPF seemed to reached the goal of agreement on the nature of presidential power under a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG), and establishment of Transitional National Assembly (TNA), but the distribution of seats in the TNA and allocation of cabinet posts were the unresolved question for them, then the discussion resulted no clear answer, and was broken away from.
On 8 February, the RPF started a massive offensive to government. The offensive was so fast and made France angry, so France intervened and dispatched troops to Kigali to support FAR's defences. The France interference and strong diplomatic pressure made the RPF stop their attacks and both returned to the negotiations again.
A last negotiation in June 1993 dealt with the composition of the BBTG and more crucially the unity of two sides' military forces to a national army. It seemed the announcement of this agreement would bring peace. But with difficulty for deciding senior levels and command level in army made the negotiation unclear. This abstractive agreement was rejected by Habyarimana in Kigali on 24 June.
Planning for Genocide
The northern Hutus, known as the akazu which held important position in government, the army, and business field, were joined the quasi-party called the Committee for the Defense of the Republic (CDR). While the discussion was off the ground, the akazu tried political effort to weaken Arusha. They made an effort people in government and opposition party to attempt to against the Arusha deal.
Akazu seemed to struggle to control the peace process, but, they, in fact, wanted to destroy the peace through violent mean. It had formed a plan for genocide. Akazu's main plan was to create militia movements, some militias were under control of the CDR. The militias were prepared in capital as defender of citizen. Radio et Television Libre Milles Coliness (PMLMC), which was under control of akazu, stirred citizens ,especially Hutus, that the RPF would return to Rwanda, seize the place and make Rwanda pre-independence days when the Tutsi had dominated the Hutus.
In early 1994, the akazu planed assassination and disruption. This extremist plan was firstly, assassination of important rival leaders and disrupting the establishment of a power-sharing government, secondly attacking on the UN peacekeeping mission and finally, planning to kill massive the Tutsi population estimated political supporter of RPF.
On 6 April, after meeting in Dar-es-Salaam, which pressed President Habyarimana to re-pay attention to peace discussion in Arusha, the aircraft carrying him and president Burundi back from the meeting was shot down and all of them were killed.
The capital had been captured by coup. Colonel Bagasora, chief at the Ministry of Defence and founder of the CDR's programme, gained the power quickly. After President Hambyarimana's death, an 'interim government' had been established under Colonel Bagasora, and it has returned to war with the RPF and started a large-scale genocide. For the three months after Hambyarimana's death, Tutsi populations were executed, and the RPF resumed the civil war. On middle 1994, it estimated nearly a million Rwandans had been executed.
