Technology transfer is the process of sharing of skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among government and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological development are accessible to wide range of users who can further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services.
Various Definition Of Technology Transfer
Author
Lundquist and Thompson (1999)
Movement of the ability to realize a technology from one person or group to another, as confirmed by demonstration of performance against agreed requirement.
Ozal (1991)
The process whereby technical information originating is one institutional setting is adapted for use in another institutional setting. It implies the adaptation of new technology through a creative transformation and application to a different end use.
Kaynak's (1985)
The transmission of technology to suit local conditions, with effective absorption, adaptation and diffusion from one country to another.
Foster (1971)
The process of employing a technology for a purpose other than that for which is was developed.
Derakhshani (1983)
Madu (1989)
The acquisition, development and utilisation of technological knowledge by a country other than that in which this technology is generated.
Levin (1993)
A socio-technical process implying the parting of skills accompanying the movement of physical goods such as machinery, equipment and tools.
Frame (1982)
The conveyances of either man-made tangible good/process or in-tangible know-how from those who possess it to those who do not.
Source : Razib (2001)
Basic Model of Technological transfer
Strategic Technology Transfer
The management of strategic technology transfer is an important consideration for any organization for which technology is one of its strategic competitive advantages. In a broad sense, technology transfer should permeate the technology-intensive organization in its strategy and tactics.
The Telecommunication Era In Malaysia
1968 - SEACOM was introduced which connecting Peninsula Malaysia to Sarawak via South China Sea.
1983 - Data Telecommunication System (Datel) was introduced.
1985 - First wireless telephone system, ATUR was introduced by Jabatan Telekom Malaysia (JTM).
1987 - JTM was incorporated as Syarikat Telekom Malaysia Berhad (STMB) or Telekom Malaysia (TM).
1988 - The first provider GSM mobile services, Celcom Malaysia was founded under its name STM Cellular Communications Sdn Bhd.
1992 - Celcom was controlled by Technology Resource Berhad (TRI)
1997 - Telekom Malaysia introduced CDMA, based mobile homeline services.
2003 - Celcom Malaysia became the first provider introduce video call based on 3G WCDMA technology.
2008 - Packet One Networks Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider introduced Wireless Wimax service on spectrum technology.
Today - Telecommunication in Malaysia is managed by 4 licensed cellular operator which are Celcom, Maxis, Digi and U-Mobile.
Technology Used by Malaysia Mobile Operator (September 2009)
Rank
Operator
Operator Code
Technology
Subscriber
1.
Maxis
012,017,014,015 (VoIP)
GSM, GPRS, EDGE,UMTS,HSPA,HSPA,3G
11.735 (September 20009)
2.
Celcom
013,019,014
GSM,GPRS,EDGE,UMTS, HSDPA,3G
10.142 (September 2009)
3.
Digi
016,010/014
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, HSPA,3G
7.720 (December 2009)
4.
U-Mobile
018
UMTS,HSDPA,3G
0.3 (June 2009)
* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
*GPRS - General Packet Radio service
*EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
*UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
*HSPA - High Speed Packet Access
*HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access
*3G - Third Generation
The Significant Of Technology Transfer In Telecommunications industry
There can be various reasons for organization to engage into transfer technology. Basically, technology transfer in industry is based on corporation's motive which to be profitable leading to maximization of shareholders wealth.
New companies
New businesses
New products
Leadership
Market impact
Advanced technology
Focus on strength
Revenues growth
Profits funding
Competitive advantage
Reputation, images
Cost control
Risk reduction
Success of Technologies
Transform industries
Better research
Access to expertise, talent
Access to knowledge
Support for R&D
Discretionary funds
Positive image
Economic development
Strategically, business becomes actively involved in technology transfer for two reasons:
Opportunity 2. Necessity
Technology transfer can be used to retaining or expand market due to competition thus extending the particular technology/product lifecycle. By transferring to others not only help to speed the adoption process but also may stimulates further innovation. Transferring technology to another user/location could also be seen as taking advantage/opportunity from the needs arising from other user of technology in other location, which eventually may help to prolong the life span of the technology. In a matured and highly competitive market where cost reduction is critical, many firms took the advantage of lower cost in other location.
Some reasons from firm to engage in technology transfer are due to regulatory requirement set forth by government as parties to cooperation agreement. Firm may also engage in technology transfer merely to take advantage of incentives provided in government policies in the form of tax incentives, pioneer status, special grant and subsidies. On the other hand, in the perspective of the technology recipients other reasons to engage with technology transfer may be due to poor in-house capability, competitive pressure to keep abreast with the latest technology and better access to technological information with improved ICT.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER EVOLUTION
METHODS/ MECHANISM TO TANSFER TECHNOLOGY
Technology can flow across of boundaries, industries, departments or individual through various form and mechanism/channel. It can happen unintentionally or formally particularly when information is made available in a public domain with limited or restriction on its access. There are several types of arrangements that are used to execute planned transfers, which is ;
Outright sale or transfer
Technology licence
Equity ownership transaction
Know-How and technical assistance
Turnkey
Joint venture
Subcontracting
1. Outright sale or transfer
This method involves the transfer of rights in accordance with a sale contract. By the sale of the relevant technology, comprehensive control and management is handed over to the buyer who pays the price (sales price). This type of transaction is similar to product sales except that it is always difficult in working out the agreeable value. The owner would normally demand a high and fixed price for full transfer rights to buyer but the buyer will not easily agree unless the buyer is convinced of the economic value & potentiality of utilization of the patent. As such it is usual that outright sales only occur in the following circumstances:
In the case where the owner
The technology transfer evolution
CELCOM TECHNOLOGY
