Year by year, the cost of computer systems continues to drop dramatically while the performance and capacity of the systems continue to rise equally dramatically. Find out and write about the evolution of microprocessor system. Give an example to support your answer.
Computer memory is one of the technologies that are used to store information in electronic device. Compare the various types of memory in terms of capacity, performance, access methods, physical types, and characteristics.
Microprocessor is a central processor that composed with one or a few slices large scale integrated circuit. The circuit implementation of control unit and arithmetic logic unit functions. Microprocessors and traditional central processors, a small size, light weight and easy modular and so on. The basic components of the microprocessor are: register file, arithmetic unit, timing control circuit, and data and address bus. Microprocessor to complete the fetch, execute instructions, and memory and logic components with the outside world to exchange information and other operations, is part of micro-computer controlled operation. It can be used with memory and peripheral circuits composed of micro-computer chip.
A microprocessor is a single chip integrating all the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It includes all the logical functions, data storage, timing functions and interaction with other peripheral devices. In some cases, the terms 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the same device. Like every genuine engineering marvel, the microprocessor too has evolved through a series of improvements throughout the 20th century. A brief history of the device along with its functioning is described below.
Working of a Microprocessor
It is the central processing unit which coordinates all the functions of a computer. It generates timing signals, sends and receives data to and from every peripheral used inside or outside the computer. The commands required to do this are fed into the device in the form of current variations which are converted into meaningful instructions by the use of a Boolean Logic System. It divides its functions in two categories, logical functions and processing functions. The arithmetic and logical unit and the control unit handle these functions respectively. The information is communicated through a bunch of wires called buses. The address bus carries the 'address' of the location with which communication is desired while the data bus carries the data that is being exchanged.
Define Question1
Ever since mankind invented the transistor in 1947, we have 50 years experience of the silicon semiconductor transistors, Integrated circuits, VLSI, very large scale integrated circuits and other generations. The speeds of development are faster than other. Semiconductor technology to the whole community had a broad impact; it is called "the seed industry." Central processor is inside the computer to process data and process control components, along with the rapid development of large scale integrated circuit technology, more and more high-density chip, CPU can be integrated in a semiconductor chip, which functions with the central processing LSI devices, known collectively as the "microprocessor."
Today, microprocessors have become ubiquitous, both recorders, intelligent washing machines, mobile phones and other household electrical appliances, or automobile engine control, and numerical control machine tools, precision-guided missiles, etc. should be embedded in different types of microprocessors. Micro-computer microprocessor is not only the core component, but also a variety of digital key component of smart devices. International high-speed supercomputers, mainframe computers and other high-end computing systems have adopted the construction of a large number of general-purpose high-performance microprocessors.
Intel 4004
in 1971, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor 4004, which is the first of the four can be used for micro-computer microprocessors, which contains 2,300 transistors. Then Intel launched the 8008, due to poor operational performance, the market reaction is not ideal. 1974, 8008 into 8080, becoming the second-generation microprocessors.8080 instead of electronic logic circuits as the device is used for a variety of application circuits and devices, if not the microprocessor, these applications can not be achieved.
Since the microprocessor can be used to complete many of the larger equipment needed to complete before computing tasks, and cheaper, so the company began to compete to produce the semiconductor microprocessor chip. Zilog 8080 the company produced the enhanced Z80, Motorola produced 6800, Intel produced in 1976 and enhanced 8085, but the chips did not change the basic fundamental characteristics of 8080, all belong to the second generation of microprocessors. They are using NMOS technology, integration of about 9000 transistors, the average instruction execution time is 1μS ~ 2μS, using assembly language, BASIC, Fortran programming, using the single-user operating system.
Intel 8086
Intel's 1978 and 8086 was the first 16-bit microprocessor. Soon Zilog and Motorola also announced plans to Production Z8000 and 68000. This is the starting point of the third generation of microprocessors. The maximum frequency of 8086 microprocessor speed 8MHz, with 16-bit data path, memory addressing capacity of 1MB. Intel also produced math coprocessor associated with it i8087, the two chip instruction set compatible with each other, but the i8087 specialized instruction set is used to increase the number of exponential and trigonometric functions such as math instruction. People call these instructions set x86 instructions set uniform. Although Intel has gradually produced after the second and third-generation and other more advanced and faster new CPU, but are still compatible with the original x86 instruction, and follow-up to Intel CPU naming x86 follows the original sequence, until it was due to trademark registration, before giving up the name to use Arabic numerals.
In 1979, Intel Corporation has developed the 8088.8086 and 8088 are used in the chip 16-bit data transmission, so are referred to as 16-bit microprocessors, but the 8086 can send or receive a week of 16-bit data, while the 8088 per cycle using only 8 bits. Most of the equipment and because the initial 8-bit chip, and 8088 the external 8-bit data transfer, the receiving phase is compatible with these devices. 8088 40-pin DIP package, the operating frequency is 6.66MHz, 7.16MHz or 8MHz, the microprocessor integrated about 29,000 transistors.
Shortly after the advent of 8086 and 8088, Intel began to improve on them, they will integrate more functions on the chip, thus the birth of the 80186 and 80188. Both are 16-bit microprocessor internal work in the external input and output on the 80186 16-bit, while the 80188 and 8088 is used as 8-bit work.
1981, 8088 chip, IBM will be developed for the PC machine, thus creating a new computer era. It is from 8088 begun, personal computers (PC) concept began to develop worldwide. From 8088 applied to the IBM PC machine began, personal computers into the real people's work and life, it also marks a new era.
Intel 80286
In 1982, Intel Corporation in 8086, based on the production of the 80286 microprocessor, the microprocessor's maximum frequency is 20MHz, internal and external data transfers are 16 bits, using 24-bit internal memory addressing, and memory addressable capacity is 16MB. 80286 can work in two ways, one is called real mode, and the other is called protection.
In real mode, the microprocessor can access the amount of memory is limited to 1 megabyte; and in the protection method, the 80286 can directly access 16 megabytes of memory. In addition, the 80286 under way in the protection of the work to protect the operating system, so unlike the real-mode or 8086, unprotected microprocessors such as applications in the face of an exception causes the system to shut down.
IBM 80286 microprocessor will be used in advanced computer technology that AT machine, caused a great sensation. 80286 in the following four areas than its predecessor significant improvements: support for more memory; to simulate the memory space; can run multiple tasks simultaneously; improve processing speed.
Is the speed of the first PC, 4MHz, the first 80286-based machine running at AT 6MHz to 8MHz, some manufacturers also own speed, so that the 80286 to the 20MHz, which means that the significant performance improvement.
80286 PGA package is known as a square package. PGA is cheap from the PLCC package, it has an internal and external solid pin in this package, and the 80286 integrates about 130,000 transistors.
IBM PC / AT bus computer to keep the XT's three-bus architecture, and an increase in low-bit-byte bus driver bus conversion logic and the high byte. As the XT machines, CPU is soldered on the motherboard.
At that time refers only to the original IBM PC machine, and is in addition to IBM PC compatible computer other than the machine. At the time, the production company than Intel CPU, there are companies such as AMD and Siemens, and people of what their computer CPU does not care, because AMD's CPU manufacturing companies such as Intel, like almost the same, until it was 486 times care from their own CPU to.
8086 ~ 80286 start of this era is the era of personal computers, when used in the domestic PC, or even seen very few people, it is in people's mind is a mysterious thing. To the early nineties, began to popularize the domestic computer.
Internal memory, also known as memory, used to store "program" and "data." CPU may execution time, from memory access programs and data. Memory can be divided into two parts: ROM (read-only memory) and RAM (random access memory). ROM contents are stored in advance by computer designers and manufacturers design is good, users can only use them, but not modify, delete, and increases, it will not be lost due to power outages. RAM is usually used to store user programs and data, said people generally are for computer memory in terms of RAM. Expressed as length in meters, it expressed as weight in kilograms, the memory capacity of "byte" to represent. Each letter occupies a "byte", and each character is two "bytes." This unit is too small because the byte, so we require that:
1024B=1KB
1024KB=1MB
1024MB=1GB
1024GB=1TB
The physical basis of memory is one or more sets with data input and output and data storage capabilities of integrated circuits. The function of memory by storing information can be divided into read-only memory ROM (Read Only Memory), can be rewritten to read-only memory EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) and random access memory RAM (Random Access Memory). The information in ROM can only be read out, but not by the operator to modify or delete, it is commonly used to store a fixed program, such as monitor, assembler, as well as storage of a variety of forms. ROM EPROM and general difference is that it can be erased and rewritten a special unit of its contents, are generally used for software development process. RAM memory is what we usually say, the main site used to store a variety of input and output data, intermediate calculations, as well as external memory for the stack to exchange information and use. Its storage unit can be read according to specific needs, or you can write or rewrite. Composed by the electronic device as RAM, so can only be used to temporarily store programs and data, once the power off or power failure occurs, the data will be lost. RAM now mostly MOS type semiconductor circuits; it is divided into static and dynamic. Static RAM is abistable flip-flop to the memory by the information; dynamic RAM is by the gate capacitance of MOS circuit to remember information. Since the charge on the capacitor will leak, you need to give additional time to time, so you need to set the dynamic RAM refresh circuit. But the dynamic RAM than the static RAM high integration, low power consumption, and thus low cost, suitable for large-capacity memory. So the main memory is usually a dynamic RAM, and cache (Cache) is to use static RAM. In addition, the memory is also used in graphics cards, sound cards and other equipment, as equipment for fixed buffer or save the program and data.
ROM
Read-only memory is most commonly used to store system-level programs that we want to have available to the PC at all times. The most common example is the system BIOS program, which is stored in a ROM called (amazingly enough) the system BIOS ROM. Having this in a permanent ROM means it is available when the power is turned on so that the PC can use it to boot up the system. Remember that when you first turn on the PC the system memory is empty, so there has to be something for the PC to use when it starts up.
ROM can be known as a type of memory that lets users stored the data needed to start up the computer. Beside, the information cannot be stored on the hard disk since the disk parameters are part of the data which are essential for booting.
RAM
RAM, also known as main memory or system memory, is a term commonly used to describe the memory within a computer. Unlike ROM, RAM is a volatile memory and requires power; if power is lost, all data is also lost. Below is an example image of a 512MB DIMM memory stick.
The kind of memory used for holding programs and data being executed is called random access memory or RAM. RAM differs from read-only memory (ROM) in that it can be both read and written. It is considered volatile storage because unlike ROM, the contents of RAM are lost when the power is turned off. RAM is also sometimes called read-write memory or RWM. This is actually a much more precise name, so of course it is hardly ever used. :^) It's a better name because calling RAM "random access" implies to some people that ROM isn't random access, which is not true. RAM is called "random access" because earlier read-write memories were sequential and did not allow random access.
External memory
External storage is defined as the computer memory and CPU cache memory outside, such memory can usually save the data even after power failure. Common external storage devices are hard drives, floppy disks, CDs, U disk and so on.
Many different types of memory, its use can be divided into the main memory and secondary memory, main memory, also known as the internal memory (the memory),also known as external auxiliary storage memory (referred to as external memory).External memory is usually magnetic or optical media, such as hard drives, floppy disk, tape, CD, etc., can be long-term preservation of information, and does not rely on electricity to save the information, but driven by the mechanical components, the speed becomes slower in comparison with the CPU multi.
External memory
Floppy disk, hard disk, CD, also is an external memory.
From Feng.Neumann stored program principle and the composition of the computer, the computer is divided into operations, controller, memory and input / output devices, where memory is referred to as memory, and hard drive are input / output devices.
CPU operations required to program code and data from the memory, the memory of things comes from the hard disk. So hard does not deal directly with the CPU.
Memory, it is hard relative to the external memory.
Memory is to store the data, the memory has to tell the cache and memory, the computer internal memory, external memory is similar to the U disk external storage, internal memory, the price of your fast, small capacity, within the memory data after power is lost.
External memory unit, low prices, large capacity, slow, power-off after the data is not lost.
Microprocessors are found in virtually every consumer product that requires electric power, such as microwave ovens, automobiles, video recorders, cellular telephones, digital cameras, and hand-held computers. High-performance microprocessors implement the servers that store and distribute Web content, such as streaming audio and video, desktop computers, and the high-speed network switches that constitute the Web's infrastructure. More modest-powered microprocessors are at the heart of notebook computers and electronic games. Low-power microprocessors provide the control and flow logic of hand-held devices, digital cameras, cellular and cordless phones, pagers, and the diagnostic and pollution control of automobile engines.
A USB type removable flash disk drive, which available in 32MB up to 1GB of disk space. You can save, delete or move data to and from the Pocket Disk, as you would normally do with your desktop hard disk drive. You can plug it into any PC or laptop, which has an USB connector. The Pocket Disk will be recognized as a removable hard drive by your computer. The Pocket Disk is a portable USB hard drive not only used for storage but the transport of data and applications as well. It is lightweight and compact and is approximately the size of a lighter, which can fit into your shirt pocket.
