Proposal for energy saving nanoparticles treatment for roof
1. Abstract
Standard size house loses more than 55% of cooling energy due to solar radiation, and out of 55%, more than 45% through roof. [3] Some of the conventional roofing materials are hard to apply on surface. Some of them have high maintenance cost; some of them are required to change original color of the roof. These conditions create huge economics opportunity. Purpose of the project is to develop and design energy saving nanoparticles energy saving treatments which are easy to install or apply, low effect of thermal shocking up to 300 oC, and has R Value of at least 3.9 (15% more than average R value of fiberglass shingle, which is leader of roofing materials). Applied nanoparticles treatments would reduce 15 % or more infra-red transmission/absorbance of the surface that it is applied.
At the end of the project, sponsors of the project will get preliminary documents of energy and peak demand saving for nanoparticles treated roofs which are going to be installed in Ruston, LA. We will calculate using the model which correlates the cool energy saving to annual cooling day's base on 18 oC (CDD18) [1]. The model is created by regression of simulated energy use against CDD18.
2. Description of the problem and need
Increasing energy demands leads to high energy prices all over the world. In addition, it also leads to use of potential dangerous source such as nuclear energy. 2011 Japan Nuclear reactor accidents have severally damaged surrounding 50km radius area. Conventional sources, such as coal also lead to air and water pollution. Innovative Energy Saving Materials can be helpful to decrease energy demands, to improve environment by decrease carbon foot print of households and to create new jobs.
Standard size house loses more than 55% of cooling energy due to solar radiation, and out of 55%, more than 45% through roof. [3] Some of the conventional roofing materials are hard to apply on surface. Some of them have high maintenance cost; some of them are required to change original color of the roof.
US western region, which includes 14 states, dominants roofing material is fiberglass shingle which accounts for 47.2% ($1.7 billion) [1] of total residential roofing. Fiberglass shingle has R value of 2.5 to 4.3 [1]. Inverse of total heat transfer coefficient is called thermal resistance or R value, bigger R value is better insulating effects. [1] They are not easy to install above 90 oF. [5] Algae growth on fiberglass shingle is possible. Mixture of frequent thermal socks and rain can increase aging speed. These conditions create huge economics opportunity to develop energy saving roof application which is easy to install or apply, low effect of thermal shocking, and has higher R Value. Infrared has about 52% of power out of total incoming solar radiation power which we can see from figure 1 [1], so it is also important that product reduce the effect of infrared radiation.
3. Overview of the project
Applied nanoparticles treatments would reduce 15% or more infra-red transmission/absorbance of the surface that it is applied. In addition, it will reduce will reduce transmission/absorbance of visual light that will lead to decrease energy demand and as well as peak energy demand at least by 15%.
a. objectives:
b. design criteria:
c. Initial solution:
Figure 1 is a schematics illustration of the structure of a colored infrared-reflective roofing granule (340). In this picture, the colored solar heat reflective roofing grain (340) are prepared from intermediate particles (360) comprising inert mineral base particles (342) layered with cure first coating composition (344) which contain a first (inner) coating binder (346) and extremely reflective nanoparticles (348) for infrared light, such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles, to form first (inner) coating layer (350). The inner coating layer (350) is made form by a sol-gel of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, there are other types of adequately small very reflective pigment particles such as zinc oxide particles dispersed in other type of coating binder, such as metal silicate binders, and Titanium dioxide nanoparticles also dispersed in a conventional metal silicate binder due to nonreactive property of metal silicate. These very reflective pigment particles have average reflectance greater than about 80 % in IR range. The intermediate particles are coated with a cured second or outer coating composition (370) including a outer coating binder (374) and colored nano-pigment particles (372) such as iron oxide nanoparticles and one or more supplementary pigment (376) to form an outer shell layer (380). The at least one supplementary pigment can be preferred from the group consisting of pearlescent dye, light interference platelet pigments, ultramarine blue, ultramarine purple, cobalt chromate blue, cobalt aluminum blue, chrome titanate, nickel titanate, cadmium sulfide yellow, cadmium sulfoselenide orange etc. the cured second coating composition (370) can be significantly transparent to infrared radiation which has wavelength range from about 700 nm to 2500 nm, so that solar heat radiation incident upon outer layer (380) transmitted through outer shell (380) to inner shell cover (350) and reflect by the highly reflective nanoparticle (348) which are titanium dioxide in the first shell cover (380). The outer shell of the colored infrared reflective roofing granules (340) is determined by the nanopigment (376) in second shell chemical composition (370) and additional pigment (376) in cured second shell composition (370) forming the outer coating layer (380). Here size of nanoparticles increase, reflection of light shift goes right side. Here we require to titanium dioxide nanoparticles has average diameter in 50 to 100 nm range to reflect infrared radiation. Nano pigment should have diameter of 20 to 150 nm which are transparent for infrared radiation.
d. Cost:
Require techniques: Sol-gel technique
Require instrument: AFM (or SEM), Infrared spectroscopy, Visible spectroscopy, Tumbler, Fluidized bed, Rotary kiln, XE spectrophotometer D&s reflectometer.
4. Project timeline[2]
a. Identification of customer needs
The first step for the project will be communication with customers. It is also required to have clear ideas and objectives of the projects. Our customers include Dr. Hegab , Dr. Genov, and College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University. To get Information, survey will be done, and interview will be conducted.
b. Target Specification
After defining customer needs, we will define each need a qualitative number. Based on technology assessment and customer needs we will define optimistic target specification.
c. Literature Search
Literacy, figures and design used in commerce are scholar property. A great amount of understanding about intellectual property will be understand in the very beginning of the project, so proper credit can be received.
d. Concept Generation and Concept Testing
Detail planning will be done. Team will create detail and specific form and function. These concepts will be deal with how the operation will conduct, routine, method of relaying on data, accuracy of data, power consumed by equipment. Quality and accuracy of required instrument will be checked. Then we will test the concept, and we will decide that do we need to keep these concepts or do we need to add some new ideas in the concepts. Customers will be asked to give feedback, so concept can be modified accordingly.
e. Industrial Design and Economical Analysis
Aesthetic, performance, safety, scalability and economics are important factors which will be consider in Industrial Design. The industrial design will be evolved through development process.
f. Prototype and Testing of Prototype.
Above describe all information will be used to make finalize design concept. Quantitative and qualitative testing of the prototype will be done to finalize the project.
g. Presentation and Final Submission
At the end of the spring quarter, detailed presentation and report will be submitted.
Project Deliverables and Evaluation[1]
At the end of the project, sponsors of the project will get preliminary documents of energy and peak demand saving for nanoparticles treated roofs which are going to be installed in Ruston, LA. We will calculate using the model which correlates the cool energy saving to annual cooling day's base on 18 oC (CDD18). The model is created by regression of simulated energy use against CDD18. [1]. Applied insulating system would reduce 15 % or more infra-red transmission/absorbance of the surface that it is applied.
In addition to that, sponsors will receive following evaluation reports.
Evaluation
a. Weather Test
Applied nanoparticles treatments can be fail because of these three main reasons.
Our goal is to demonstrate long lasting performance of nanoparticles treatments in accelerated weather condition.
b. Buildings Energy Use Test
We have to set up demonstration site which can be two similar structure houses of Ruston, LA. One house should have roofing with nanoparticles treatments and another should have roofing with conventional treatments. Both houses should have same amount of sunlight on roof. Both should have same floor plan, roof orientation, and level of blown ceiling, air-handlers, and air-deceiver duct work. For ease of calculation both houses should keep at the same Room temperature. In addition both should have same. In addition both houses should have same amount exposure to the surrounding air. Reduction in transmission and absorbance of infrared will be calculated.
Our Goal is to demonstrate that nanoparticles treatments are more effective in saving of cooling energy than conventional one.
c. Material Test
Besides accelerated tests, natural weather tests are also required. Different Particles can arrive and stay on a roof. They either absorb or reflect solar light. This light scattering and absorbance of the light can effect solar reflectance.
Our goal is to measure effect on solar reflectance due to soiling on roof with nanoparticles treatments and roof with conventional treatments.
