ABSTRACT
This study analyses the relationship between human resource management practices with employee commitment and turnover intent, using the theme of Guest model (1991).The relationship phenomenon has been built keeping in view he framework of Guest. The HR practices variables have been taken from previous researches and he dependent variables i.e. employee commitment and turnover intent have been taken to bring up with new findings. The proposed hypotheses for the research study the impact of HR practices on attaining employee commitment towards the organization and to make the employees to remain associated with the organization. Pearson correlation has been used to find the impact of .HR practices on employee commitment and turnover intent. The findings indicate that different HR practices have a varied impact on each of the dependent variables.HR pactices like raining and selection plays the utmost role in attaining both employee commitment and to reduce the turnover. Other practices like performance appraisal, career planning, employee participation and compensation are also help full variables. Turnover intentions are not are affected by all the HR practices except for training and selection. Moreover, the hypothesis that the impact of HR practices impact turnover intentions shows a weak support.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Impact of Human Resource Management strategy and practice on firm performance is an imperative subject in the fields of human resource management, industrial relations and organizational psychology. Significantly (Huselid, 1995). The scope to which, if any, human resource management (HRM) effects on organizational performance has appeared as the vital research query in the employees/HRM field . Though consequences specify that some human resources practices may have a affirmative outcome on organizational performance, most researchers propose that more theoretical and experimental work is required. For the instant, even though Human resources (HR) are considered as the most priceless asset in an organization, they make a distinction only for a few organizations (Vlachos, 2009) The human prospective in a corporation is usually much more complicated for competitors to replicate than the plant, tools or even products that companies manufacture (Flanagan and Despande, 1996). As a result, the nature and welfare of a company's employees can become its key potency to figure out a profitable continuation. HRM practices can be mainly imperative for small firms (Marlow and Patton, 1993) Investigation designate that insufficient and incompetent administration of employees in small firms has resulted in low efficiency and elevated turnover rates (Mathis and Jackson, 1991) and is one of the foremost sources of small firm malfunctioning. (McEvoy, 1984).Theoriticians have disagreed that the human capital of the firm are potentially one of the most influential foundations of sustainable competetive advantage for organizations and have sought to articulate that there is an affirmative association among HRM and firm performance. (Ferris, 1999) High performance employment policies gives a number of noteworthy causes of enhanced organizational performance. (Pfeffer J. V., 1999) HR methods have significant realistic impacts on the endurance and finanacial performance of firms and on the production and superiority of work life of people in them (Casio, 2006). Human resources must be measured a strategic factor ,not only for the function they play in positioning administrative strategy into effect but also for their prospective to develop into a foundation of sustainable competitive advantage,that is to say these and the method in which they are supervised can have a noteworthy influence on the firm's accomplishment and its competitive positioning in the market.Human resource management polisies when suitably configured,influence organizational performance considerably.The reason for this is that more effectual systems of human resource management practices,which obtain improvement of the prospective for complementarities or synergies among such practices and at the same time,make simple the accomplishment of the firms competitive strategy ,constitute a source of sustained competitive advantage.Nevertheless,the mainstream of emperical studies have focused on the analysis of individual human resource practices to the ruling out of overall human resource management systems (Huselid, 1995). The impact of HRM on performance depends winning personnel,s reaction to HRM practices,so the impact will move in direction of the awareness of HRM practices by the workers (Guest, 2002). Employee turnover remains one of the most extensively investigated subject matter in organizational psychoanalysis. (Dalton, 1981)
Regardless of important exploration expansion there still remains a great deal of uncertainty as to what features in reality cause human resources to leave/remain in the organizations.Among these aspects are outside factors,institutional factors,workers personal characteristicsand employees reaction to his/her job (Knowles, 1964).
1.1 Objectives of the study
The main objective of the study was to assess the human resource management practices being practiced in banking sector and their impact on the commitment level and the intention to stay in the organization. To achieve the main objective the following sub objectives were set:
1. To assess the practices regarding human resources in banking sector
2. To assess the effect of training on the commitment and turn over intentions of employees
3. To assess the effect of performance appraisals on the commitment and turnover intentions of employees.
4. To assess the effect of career planning on the commitment and turnover intentions of employees
5. To assess the effect of compensation on the commitment and turnover intentions.
6. To assess the effect of Job definition on the commitment and turnover intentions of employees.
7. To assess the effect of selections on the commitment and turnover intentions of employees.
1.2 Research Hypothesis:
P1: HR practices have a relationship with employee commitment.
H1.1: Training has relationship with employee commitment
H1.2: Performance appraisal has relationship with employee commitment
H1.3: Career planning has relationship with employee commitment
H1.4: Employee participation has relationship with employee commitment
H1.5: Job Definition has relationship with employee commitment
H1.6: Compensation has relationship with employee commitment
H1.7: Selection has relationship with employee commitment
P2: HR practices have a relationship with turnover intent.
H 2.1: Training has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.2: Performance appraisal has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.3: Career planning has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.4: Employee participation has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.5: Job Definition has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.6: Compensation has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.7: Selection has relationship with turnover intent
The study presents practical results from a sample of 100 employees who are working in organizations where human resource management practices are being practiced.. The study involves variables which are purely related to human resources. These variables play a vital role in the improvement of overall organizational performance. By knowing the HRM practices that influence employee commitment and turnover intentions positively organizations can emphasis on them to achieve higher employee performance that will cut the cost of hiring which will ultimately lead to better employee retention and their commitment to the organization.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Employee Commitment
Grusky (1996) defines commitment as a belief which reveals "the potency of a person's connection to an organization. The strength of a person's commitment to an organization is subjective to the rewards he has received from the system and the variety of experiences he has had to undertake in order to be given the rewards. Entrekin, Leland,( 2005) state that commitment, "has become a object of the change from an industrial age to an information society."Commitment refers to know-how and outcomes and a procedure of being devoted or associated.. Kanter (1986) defines commitment, as the compliance of workers to dedicate energy and devotion to an organization. According to Meyer and Allen (1991) organizational commitment is a of three types i.e. affective, continuance and normative, Affective commitment is regarded as an employee's attachment to acknowledgment and participation in the organization. Employees having strong affective commitment remain with the organization. Continuance commitment is one's awareness of the outlays related to parting with the in attendance association. Employees who possess continuance commitment will remain in the organization. Normative commitment is the sentiment of responsibility of an employee to the organization on the basis of his personal norms and values. Employees with normative commitment remain with the organization because they believe they ought to. A relationship study has been conducted by several researchers between Human resource management practices and organizational commitment. According to Paul and Anantharaman,s (2004) study Human resource management practices show an eminent optimistic relationship with organizational commitment. Browing (2006) has related Human resource management systems to commitment in various organizations. Recent reviews of the literature on organizational commitment and organizational identification identified a range of possible antecedents to commitment to an organization. These included: job satisfaction and job involvement; job characteristics, such as variety and autonomy; a feeling of 'felt responsibility' for the organization; social, as well as occupational, involvement with the organization; consistency of career goals with organizational goals; a feeling by the individual that the organization will protect his or her interests; individual factors, such as sex, tenure and need for achievement; leader behavior; and alternative job opportunities. Organizational commitment will vary according to how strongly an individual believes in the basic value system practiced in and by the organization (N.A.Jans, 1998) Careers researcher should look at not just the individual in the career but also the occupational/ organizational setting in which that career takes place. One aspect of this setting is the person's view of the organization he or she is working for. A person's perception of the organization's future may affect his or her feelings about it. On the one hand, a threat to the organization may stimulate commitment: people may be willing to make sacrifices or work harder to help the organization survive in a critical period. One the other, they may see an organization which has an uncertain future as being an undesirable place to invest their own futures. The perceptions of the organization's future may arise from assessments either that the organization is poorly run (organizational effectiveness) or that the market support for that organization is declining (market support). This may be similar in its effects to those of career prospects argued earlier: that people may be reluctant to tie themselves to an institution in which the future is bleak (Van Maanen, 1977).According to Dornstein and Matalon (1998) eight variables are pertinent to organizational commitment. These are interesting work, associate's attitudes towards the organization, organizational reliance, age, edification, employment substitutes, outlook of family and friends. Organizational commitment has been described by several measures and definitions.. According to Beckeri, Randal, and Riegel (1995) the term organizational commitment refers to three dimensions: 1. a strong aspiration to stay a member of a challenging organization; 2. a enthusiasm to put forth elevated intensity of hard work on behalf of the organization; 3. a characterized conviction in and satisfactoriness of the principles and objectives of the organization. A number of factors determine organizational commitment, together with individual aspects i.e. age, residence in the institution, temperament, interior or peripheral control ascription. Another factor that is a determinant of commitment is the organizational factors. It includes job structure and the management approach manager. Third determinant of organizational commitment are non-organizational factors i.e. the accessibility to a substitute. These determinants effect the ensuing commitment (Nortcraft 1996). Organizational commitment can be boasted by passive socilaization of employees. (Aryee, 1993)
2.2 Turnover Intent
Interest in explaining employee turnover has long been a main concern of organizational scholars (Cornoy, 1957) Employee turnover is one of the most widely investigated topics in organizational study (Dalton, 1981). Labor turnover is an unavoidable trend in the labor market. Controlled and uncontrolled turnover of employees involve costs of disjoining, recruitment and training and job hunt for both the firm and the employee (Cascio W, 1991). Retention and turnover are the reverse sides of a coin and features contributing to retention illustrate the reverse effect on turnover. Turnover is the eventual decision headed by opinions of parting the organization, that is, turnover intention. (Isik U. Zeytinoglu, 2007) Management research using the turnover theory showed that turnover intention is the best predictor of whether an employee will leave the organization (Steel, 2002). Organizations must keep their capable and motivated employees if they want to be competitive. For that they should comprehend the relationships between HRM Practices and Employee Turnover (Abeysekera, 2007). Employee turnover takes place when an individual leaves an organization either willingly or unwillingly. Although some organizational turnover is inevitable, and may even be enviable, voluntary turnover is difficult to forecast and can reduce the overall efficiency of an organization (Smith and Brough, 2003). Turnover intentions refer to an individual's predictable probability that they will depart an organization at some point in the near future. The association between job satisfaction and employee turnover is one of the ways to better understanding employee turnover--organization connection. This connection of employee reaction has attracted the attention of researchers, because contented employees have a greater propensity to stay, and add to an organization's competitive advantage and efficiency (Lee, 1987) Turnover might disturb performance when an employee who intends to depart becomes less proficient, when an qualified employee departs, or when time is lost in an effort to secure a alternate (Mobley, 1982). Employees with external destination intentions to leave the organization will probably be concerned with contrasting conditions between their present status and available opportunities. This conceptual distinction assumes that an intended destination, be it to the same or to a different job, work unit, or organization, is the primary determinant of the level of intent needed to move within or quit the work organization (Weisberg, 2002).
2.3 Human Resource Management Practices
Huselid (1995) states that human resource practices power employee skills through the achievement and growth of a firm's human assets. Recruiting measures that provide a large band of competent applicant harmonizing with a consistent and suitable selection schedule will have a considerable influence over the worth and nature of expertise new employees acquire. Huselid contended that "human resource management practices effect employee motivation by encouraging them to work both harder and smarter".
Arthur found evidence for an interactive effect of human capital investments through the use of commitment, human resource system and employee retention turnover on firm productivity (Arthur.J, 1994). HR practices focused on enhancing employee commitment, decentralized decision making, comprehensive training, salaried compensation, employee participation are related to higher performance.HR practices that focused on control, efficiency and reduction of employee skills and discretion are associated with increased turnover and poorer manufacturing performance (Aurther, 1992).
2.3.1 Training
Training for purposes of this study is defined as "any organizationally initiated procedures which are intended to foster learning among organizational members in a direction contributing to organizational effectiveness" (Hunrichs, 1976). The training and development of employees is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of best HRM practices. Training and development are commonly considered to be different forms of human capital investment for individual and organizational improvements (Goldstein, 1991). An area where training may be used is in the enhancement of job specific skills. Another area of focus for training is in the correction of deficiencies in job performance and development that may be provided to employees with abilities the organization might need in the future (Gold, 2001) Studies have shown training to be important in enhancing competitive advantage (Fairfield-Sonn, 1987) In addition, training is seen as a useful means of coping with changes fostered by technological innovation, market competition, organizational structuring, and demographic shifts (Knoke and Kalleberg, 1994). There are three dimensions that have major relationships to training effectiveness: organizational environment, pre training motivation, and relevance of training to the job. These objects have been chosen because they provide as a kind of substitute for employers, trainees, and trainers (M.Schumaker,2004). An organization's choice whether or not to train its employees influences the overall economy, even if the organization does not considers the economy into its decision. If all firms of an industry fail to train their employees, the whole economy bears. Training employees is a type of public good. It is a sort that includes a broad range of social problem. The advantages of training ensue only to the amount that employees add to the organization. An organization should take into consideration how it anticipates a training program to influence employee effort as well as employee turnover. Even in the good times, organizations must fix on that trained employees manufacture at superior rates, which in turn may influence how much they add and how often they move around to other firms in contrast with untrained workers (Natalie S.Glance,1997). Training may decrease the likelihood of job disjointing because the trained employee might be less probable to give up and an employer might be less probable to fire a particularly trained person. Hence explicit training should lessen turnover more so than general training, or training which increase efficiency in more than one firm (R.Veum, 1997). Training there for improves the stability of relationship between the employers and their employees (I.Theodossiou, 2004). Training programmes augment the firm specificity of employee expertise,which ,one after the other increase employee efficiency as well as reducing job discontent that result in employee turnover. (Huselid, 1995) Training and developing internal employees reduces the cost and threat of selecting,appointing and internalizing people from outside labour markets,which in return add to employee productivity and reduces turnover.Training and development necessitate a certain level of reciprocity.A firm that methodically trains and develop its employees inform them that their market worth develops more favourably than in other firms.This enhances employee prductivity ,commitment and turnover (Dolye.M, 1997). The investment of a firm in both technical and non-technical training will have a optimistic impact on the degree to which the firm really thrive in developing the skills/knowledge of its employees. Given the inadequate resources that all the firms have, a significant issue for firms is the proper distribution between technical and non-technical training. Firms that have better-quality training programmes may practice lesser staff turnover than companies that overlook staff development.In firms with good technical and non-technical training programmes,employees are expected to apprehend that their market worth increase more favourably than in other firms.Therefore,it is in their own interest to stay longer in the firm. (Carl F.Fey, 2000)
2.3.2 Performance Appraisal
Performance is amorphous to the evidence of result created on a particular job rationale or doings during a precise time phase (Bernardin, 1993). It has been known that performance appraisal plays a significant role in organizations (Borman, 1979). In the last decades there has been an addition in the number of studies which explore the characteristics of successful performance appraisal systems. Performance appraisal provide a variety of functions such as providing the foundation for making selection decision, formatting salary increases, and providing a medium for feed-back between supervisors and employees (K.Mount, 1984). Performance has become a prevalent prescribed organizational process with mangers determining and appraising subordinates' performance using formal rating tools on an yearly or semi annual basis (Ludwig, 1990). Performance management is not just once -a-year appraisal:efficient managers integrate performance appraisal and feedback as part of their of day to day communication with employees (Webb, 2004). Performance appraisal can identify who should be retained, and a pay for performance compensation plan can be applied appropriately to reward and encourage high and average performers to remain with the company (Berry, 2004). Performance appraisal systems are dependent on subjective ratings of performance given by supervisors, peers, subordinate, and job incumbents. Regardless of a heavy reliance on performance ratings, it is usually recognized that they are too often infected by systematic errors i.e. leniency, central tendency, halo, and contrast errors (Source, 1986).
A totally objective performance appraisal is virtually impossible to achieve. Subjectivity is tolerated in the system if the system includes administrative safeguards. Typical safeguards include review of the completed document by upper management, training for the rater, and appeal procedures for the employee being rated (EEOC v.IBM Corp). The first step of the performance appraisal procedure necessitate that the rater be given the chance to observe a representative sample of a ratee's work performance. The rater must be able to recognize and attend to those behaviors that are appropriate to the ratee's performance efficiency. The focal point of the second step of the procedure is the assessment of each behavior, autonomous to other behaviors. The evaluation of each behavior should not be subjective to a global impression about the ratee's overall efficiency. It is only in the final step of the rating procedure that broader ratings should be established. At this point, the evaluation of each conduct is subjective to single rating for either a performance measurement or for a rating of overall performance efficiency (Borman W. C., 1975). Employee performance appraisal has been experienced by many organizations since decades.although performance appraisal has been discussed by many,though ,generally,it is analysed that performance appraisal is an inseparable part of organizational life (Islam, 2006). Performance management is a multifaceted dilemma and it involves a variety of judgements about which performance measure to use (Wu, 2005).
2.3.3 Career Planning
A career is a succession of positions apprehended by a person during the path of a lifetime.It encompasses a series of work associated activities that offer stability ,order,and meaning to a person's life. (Schien, 1996) The above definition is thought-out as an onjective analysis of a person's career (Subash C.Kundu, 2007). A career comprises of the changes in values,mind-set and motivation that take place as people grow older (Hall,1976). An individuals career is formed by many compound factors e.g.,performance ,education,knowledge,powerful parents,social group links and a certain amount of luck (Sullivan, 1999). Career planning is delibrate effort by an person to become more conscious of his or her own abilities,interests ,values ,opportunity ,restriction,choice, and outcomes.It involves career associated goals and establishing plans for accomplishing those goals. (Hall, 1986). Interest in career development at the individual level comes from difference in communal values away from an apprehension with disbursement and other security paybacks to emotional rewards like chances for development (Debrah, 1993). Career planning comprises both organizational procedures and individual efforts intended at setting career goals,putting together and implementing strategies and scrutinizing the results (Greenhaus, 1986). Companies may employ career supervision programmes to help their employees in career planning.When a company offers this service ,one significant intend is to recognize succession of job assignments that assist employees increase the skills and understanding viewed as vital in the company.A company career planning scheme that works well may also give confidence to employees to take additional responsibility for their own growth,together with the development of skills viewed as significant in the company (Dolye.M, 1997). A career planning system not only helps ensure that empployees have the skills they need to advance in the company :it may also help ansure that employees have the skills need to advance in the company;it may also help ensure that employees possess the mix of skills that the firm believes are important for its furure success.In other words,the provision of career planning assiatance may have apositive effect on the level and type of skills and knowledge in the company (Carl F.Fey,2000). Hall (1976) disagree that employee career efficiency is directly associated to organizational efficiency and that career development actions can guide to a additional devoted work force. Individuals who account for additional extensive career planning were also superior in the career efficiency magnitude of pay, career participation, identity resolution and compliance (Gould, 1979). Pazy (1988) also observed the relation amid individual and managerial career planning and career efficiency. Pazy stated that two magnitudes of individual career supervision, planning and reactivity, add to career efficiency.
2.3.4 Employee Paticipation
The writing of worker participation, mainly which has appeared in the last decades or so, gives comparatively little concentration to organization efficacy, directing instead on philosophies and structural plans. Even where the investigation has been experiential, the focal point is more often on participants' feelings,' the temperament of the participation, or the level of institutionalization (Rosenstein, 1980). Participative supervision has been described as the "third administrative revolution" (Preston, 1974). There are three major organizational approaches to participation: the cognitive approach, the emotional approach and the eventuality approach. (Miller, 1986) These approaches guide to different forecasts with respect to the main effects of participation, i.e. efficiency and contentment. On the other hand, owing to the continuation of multiple considerable and methodological mediators, experiential research has not so far permitted us to illustrate perfect conclusion about these effects, and the instruments under lying participation stay mostly uncharted (Black, 1997). Amongst the significant mediating variables, the foundation of participation, its structure, its outline, the decision question involved the level of participation and the decision procedure can be talked about (Cotton, 1988). It is the performance, not the content of participation that gives contentment. As a result, little experienced workers are forecasted to profit most from participation, as their early motivation is anticipated to be lesser in the initial place. The job itself is an indication to the workers that their job is actually not worth it. Furthermore, participation has turned into almost useless if workers are motivated by other resources (Erez.M., 1993). It has been disagreed that participation involves some of those control methods as peer pressure, societal forces, recognition with the company, that decrease the incentives to avoid, and enhance employee devotion and incentives for collaboration (Doucouliagos, 1995).
2.3.5 Compensation
Compensation is all type of monetary income and substantial services and reimbursement employees obtain as part of an employment association (Milkovich, 1999). An efficient set of alternatives concerning compensation syatem occupy a foremost position in determining firm performance (Dreher, 2005). An indirect compensation specified to an employee or group of employees as an element of organizational relationship is a fringe benefit,which influence performance and retention of employees (Mathis, 2004). In consequence of their huge costs and monetary commitment which is prepared for future,assisted in planning has become a serious constituent of HR planning practice (Bernardin H. R., 1993). The application of abilities or capabilities direct to performance and performance is a decisive factor for appraising efficiency.Therfore,a pay-for-proficiency plan augment efficiency and product quality,decrease absenteesim,turnover,and calamity rates (Jyothi, 2006). If competencies are the steering wheel for supervising knowledge and work,extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are the engine (Kochanski, 1999). Compensation is the introductory reward that are first and foremost monetary in nature and satisfy monetary requirements for returns (Worldatwork, 2000). Rewards connect the space linking organizational objectives and individaul prospects and objectives.Efficient,organizational reward scheme should offer four things: a adequate degree of rewards to fullfill primary requirements,fairness with the exterior labor market,fairness within the organization,and dealing of each member of organization in terms of his or her individual requirements (Lawler, 1989). Performance-oriented compensation is the main HR practice that companies use sequentially to evaluate and reward employees' achievements (Collins, 2003). Employee inspiration based on apparent anticipation,can offer the relation amid compensation and performance.Expectencey theory states that pay rank will affect employee performance when an employee recognize that an association exists between their efforts and performance and employees gain explicit benefits if they execute well (Ngo, H., 1998). Emperical studies on the association between performance-linked compensation and company performance have usually established an optimistic association,but an increasing body of emperical proof propose that it is not just compensation rank that matters,but also compensation structure (P. Vlachos, 2009). Performance related reimbursement is solitary strongest forecaster of firm performance (Delery, 1996). Compensation is mainly significant for small firms for the reason that it influences recruiting and retention efforts as well as it signals authority to external stakeholders (Cordon, 2004). Compensation and incentives directly effect operational performance (Paul, 2003).
2.3.6 Selection
This practice can ensure that the right people with the desirable characteristics and knowledge are in right place so that they fit in the culture and the climate of the organization. Moreover, pinpointing the right employees would decrease the cost of employees' education and development (Vlachos, 2008). Selective hiring is a key practice that creates profits (Schuster, 1986). Huselid (1995) examined HR practices of high performance companies and found that attracting and selecting the right employees increase the employee productivity, boost organizational performance, and contribute in reducing turnover. Research exploring antecedents to reactions to selection decisions could conceivably help both employers and applicants, as organizational justice principles may serve both equally well (Konovsky.M.A, 2000). Hiring standards reflect not only organizations' skill requirements but also the preferences of various groups for such standards and their ability to enforce these preferences (Cohen, 1986).
From a selection perspective, the goal of any selection process is to select the most qualified applicants for the position. How applicants react to selection tests can potentially impact an organization's ability to attract and hire the most qualified candidates (Rynes and Barber, 1990). Cardon and Stevens (2004) pointed out that for small companies recruiting is often problematic. This can be due to several reasons such as limited financial and material resources and jobs with unclear boundaries responsibilities, which decreases their potential to hire qualified candidates.
2.3.7 Job Definition
Numerous workers are perplexed by the dissimilarity amid necessary job responsibilities and insignificant job obligations. The majority employees use up their days in a agitation of activity, but attain very small because they are not focused on the correct things. Employees perform extra of trivial job duties than necessary job duties just because their supervisor ask them not to do or these responsibilities are not connected to their jobs. As a result, they waste much time doing their jobs unproductively. (Kleiner, 2002)
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
This study aims to identify the human resource management practices that influence an employee in attaining the maximum commitment towards the organization and the intention to turnover.
3.1 Data Collection Method:
This study was based on primary data gathered with the help of questionnaire comprising of three sections. The first section contained 36 statements about the human resource management practices. The second section was based on 8 statements about the employee commitment and the third section included 8 statements on turnover intent. In this study we have related the first section with the other two sections. The respondents were asked to rate the statements on a five point scale where one indicated that respondents strongly agree, two meant for disagree, three for neutral, four indicated agreeing and five meant strongly agree about what was described in the statements. These statements can be seen in exhibit……..
3.2 Instrument
The mandatory data was collected through a pretested questionnaire.
3.2.1 Reliability and Validity of Instrument:
There are two eminent features of any measurement system. Reliability indicates the poise positioned on the measuring apparatus to give the similar numeric assessment when the measurement is constant on the same object. Validity refers to the measuring instrument that actually measures the property it is hypothesized to measure.
3.2.1.1Assessing Reliability:
Reliability analysis allows studying the properties of scales of measurement and the things that build them up. The Reliability Analysis procedure calculates a number of frequently used procedures of level reliability and also gives information about the associations between individual items mentioned in the scale. Intra class correlation coefficients can be used to compute reliability estimates (Tutorial, SPSS 17 version).
Reliability Statistics
Table 3.1 Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items
N of Items
.827
.839
59
Cronbach's Alpha is the internal consistency model which is based on the average correlation. Here the value of Cronbach's Alpha is 0.827 which indicates that the data is consistent (Joseph F. Hair).
3.2.1.2 Assessing Validity
To assess the content validity of the instrument, it was evaluated by the supervisor as well as the HR managers of well know banks. The instrument was primarily pre-tested by gathering 10 responses which were revealed to the experts to assess the appropriateness of the instrument for the outcome.
3.3 Sampling Technique:
Since there are two groups of respondents i.e. adopters and potential non-adopters convenience sampling have been used.
3.4 Sample Size:
Respondents were screened and addition was purely on the basis of their knowledge about human resource practices. This was required, because the questionnaire assumed awareness about human resource management practices .Employees from different departments of different banks were selected to find the consistency of a practice in the organization.100 questionnaires were distributed among the employees of 5 banks to get the similarity of practices in different banks. There was no restriction upon the designation. The data collection was carried out during the period of Dec 2009- Mar 2010.
3.5 Statistical Test
Correlation technique has been applied to test the hypothesis using spss version 17.0.. The results indentify the impact of HR practices in employee commitment and turnover intent.
CHAPTER 4
Results and Data Analysis
P1: HR practices have a relationship with employee commitment.
H1.1: Training has relationship with employee commitment
H1.2: Performance appraisal has relationship with employee commitment
H1.3: Career planning has relationship with employee commitment
H1.4: Employee participation has relationship with employee commitment
H1.5: Job Definition has relationship with employee commitment
H1.6: Compensation has relationship with employee commitment
H1.7: Selection has relationship with employee commitment
Table 4.1
Correlations
Employee
Commitment
Training
Pearson Correlation
.257**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.010
N
100
Performance Appraisal
Pearson Correlation
.428**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
100
Career Planning
Pearson Correlation
.403**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
100
Employee Participation
Pearson Correlation
.144
Sig. (2-tailed)
.151
N
100
Job Definition
Pearson Correlation
.326**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.001
N
98
Compensation
Pearson Correlation
.364**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
100
Selection
Pearson Correlation
.356**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
100
Statistics shows a poor fit if the significance value is greater than 0.05 or 5%
Impact of Training on employee commitment: The significant value of training in relation with employee commitment is 0.01 which is less then 0.05 hence H1.1 is accepted.
Impact of Training on employee commitment: The significant value of performance appraisal in relation with employee commitment is 0.000 which is less then 0.05 hence H1.2 is accepted
Impact of Career Planning on employee commitment: The significant value of career planning in relation with employee commitment is 0.000 which is less then 0.05 hence H1.3 is accepted
Impact of Employee Participation on employee commitment: The significant value of employee participation in relation with employee commitment is 0.151 which is greater then 0.05 hence H1.4 is rejected.
Impact of Job Definition on employee commitment: The significant value of job definition in relation with employee commitment is 0.010 which is less then 0.05 hence H1.5 is accepted
Impact of Compensation on employee commitment: The significant value of compensation in relation with employee commitment is 0.000 which is less then 0.05 hence H1.6 is accepted
Impact of Selection on employee commitment: The significant value of selection in relation with employee commitment is 0.000 which is less then 0.05 hence H1.7 is accepted
P2: HR practices have a relationship with turnover intent.
H 2.1: Training has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.2: Performance appraisal has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.3: Career planning has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.4: Employee participation has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.5: Job Definition has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.6: Compensation has relationship with turnover intent
H 2.7: Selection has relationship with turnover intent
Table 4.2
Correlations
Turnover Intent
Training
Pearson Correlation
.243*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.015
N
100
Performance Appraisal
Pearson Correlation
.053
Sig. (2-tailed)
.604
N
100
Career Planning
Pearson Correlation
.091
Sig. (2-tailed)
.367
N
100
Employee Participation
Pearson Correlation
-.014
Sig. (2-tailed)
.888
N
100
Job Definition
Pearson Correlation
.016
Sig. (2-tailed)
.877
N
98
Compensation
Pearson Correlation
.153
Sig. (2-tailed)
.128
N
100
Selection
Pearson Correlation
.278**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
100
Statistics shows a poor fit if the significance value is greater than 0.05 or 5%
Impact of Training on Turnover Intent: The significant value of training in relation with turnover intent is 0.015 which is less then 0.05 hence H2.1 is accepted.
Impact of Performance Appraisal on Turnover Intent: The significant value of performance appraisal in relation with turnover intent is 0.604 which is less then 0.05 hence H2.2 is rejected.
Impact of Career Planning on Turnover Intent: The significant value of career planning in relation with turnover intent is 0.367 which is less then 0.05 hence H2.3 is rejected
Impact of Employee Participation on Turnover Intent: The significant value of employee participation in relation with e turnover intent is 0.888which is greater then 0.05 hence H2.4 is rejected.
Impact of Job Definition on Turnover Intent: The significant value of job definition in relation with turnover intent is 0.877 which is less then 0.05 hence H 2.5 is rejected.
Impact of Compensation on Turnover Intent: The significant value of compensation in relation with turnover intent is 0.128which is less then 0.05 hence H 2.6 is rejected.
Impact of Selection on Turnover Intent: The significant value of selection in relation with e turnover intent is 0.005 which is less then 0.05 hence H 2.7 is accepted.
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Conclusion
HR plays a crucial role in service companies (Schneider, 1993).People are a major component of every business and HR practices are involed in maximizing he commitment level and retenion ratio by better management of people.There has been a phenominal growth in in service industries (Bateson and Hoffman,1999). Services are human resource intensive businesses to gain competitive advantage. Service organizations like banks need to put larger effors on human resorce management practices as shown by the results of the study.The present study assesses the impact of seven HR practices on employee commitment and turnover intentions of employees in Banks. The inspiration of framework of the study comes from Guest Mode of human a resource management. According to Guest (1997) the distinctive feature of HRM is assumption that improved performance is achieved through the people in the organization. Since the complete model has not been used in the study, the relationship development between the seven HR practices with employee commitment and turnover intent has been brought out for Guests model. These practices are training, performance appraisal, career planning, employee participation, job definition, compensation and selection. It ahs been found that two variables i.e. training and selection impact both the dependent variables i.e. employee commitment and turnover intent. Employee commitment loaded significantly with HR Practices like training, Career Planning, Job Definition, Compensation and Selection. The significance level brought out the importance of these Practices in attaining greater level of employee commitment in banking sector. The significant value of gave weak correlations among Hr practices and turnover intent. Only training and selection plays a role in improving the turnover intentions of an employee. Banks in Karachi were found strong on attaining employee commitment as compared to the turnover intent. It was found that how important HR practices are in attaining commitment towards the organization and to reduce the turnover of employees.
Performance management is a medium for the continuous enhancement of business performance through a synchronized program of people management involvement (Walters, 1995) .The
Employment has fluid nature implying that selection process requires greater emphasis and thought because although employees may be with organizations for shorter or longer periods of time. The quantity and quality of output required will be greater. According to Campbell and Baldwin (1993) recruitment difficulties may reduce the competitiveness of small organizations.
Competitive compensation comprises variables like pay for service performance and paying competitive salaries. Comparatively high compensation contingent on organizational performance is one of the key practices of organizations that produce profit through people (Pfeffer and Veiga, 1999). Compensation must be internally consistent and externally competitive. High performing employees are scarce, in great demand and do not come in lower salary ranges .According to the practitioners the need of pay for performance always exist but the difference is in the implementation by organizations (Thite,2004). Further it was found that training was on the practices in Banks that play a vital role in retaining the employees and attaining their commitment for the organization. The investment of an organization in training and development has always shown positive results in the form of improved service and product quality. It results in higher employee retention and better employee and supervisor relations (Bloom and LaFleur, 1999). Training results in increasing the morale and reduces incidents and wastage (Kundu and Kumar, 2006). According to Kealy and Protheroe(1996),training in general can be defined as any interference meant to increase the knowledge or skills of the employees. This helps in better performance in their profession and to be more effective (Blair and Sisakhti, 2007).
5.2 Implications
It needs no emphasis hat it is he people, people and people hat make an organization achieve competitive advantage. The more the care is given to the people the human resources of an organization the more he return will be in terms of results, improved performance and enhanced service reliability and quality. The organization will get more committed employees with the intentions to stay longer with the organization. Organizations can make significant improvements o their performance by emphasizing excellent HR practices. The banking sector in Karachi needs to learn more from the practices adopted by the multinational companies especially with regards to turnover intent variable which require other then these practices to be brought in to attain more commitment. The results show that banks have to significantly improve their practices which lead to retain the employees Along with this a little more effort is needed o improve the impact of HR practices on various perspectives of employees. Though banks in Karachi have scored better on these aspects, yet there still has to be more emphasis on these aspects.
5.3 Limitations
Despite being different sources, different timing of data collection a potential limitation of this study is that he data was collected by using same construct with same method. The fact that the study was conducted in one geographic region i.e. Karachi and sample size is limited to 100 individual. This may not adequately represent the national banking sector. Also, some biasness in the views of respondents due to the time period when study was conducted i.e.Dec 2009 - March 2010. The time period during which the research was conducted was crucial one since the international recession paralyzed the financial sector. As a result investment in HR side would have been suffered which is eminent in the results.
5.4 Future Research
Study can be expanded more by conducting a national research to bring out more eminent factors that impact he commitment level and the intention o remain in the organization. Studies similar to this, if conducted on a large scale at regular intervals by organizations , assist capture the changing perceptions and responses of employees, and thus give early warning signals to allow implementation of timely corrective measures as to what practices be emphasized at what time.
