It is important to develop some general knowledge what causes earthquakes, in order to gain a better understanding about the Tangshan event. Earth's crust is broken into major tectonic plates that move towards and away from each other in different directions. Debated driving forces behind this movement includes Earth's rotation, gravity related forces and mantle dynamics. Generally, it is accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and...
12. The history of DIB in India dates back to 1775 when British authorities accepted setting up of Board of Ordnance in Fort William, Kolkata. This was the official beginning of the Army Ordnance in India. In 1787 a gun powder factory was established at Ishapore which started production from 1791 [1] . However, the first ordnance factory, Gun & Shell factory was established at Cossipore in 1801 to manufacture guns and ammunition. [2] Since then the DIB in British ruled India grew to 7 Ordnanc...
Over the past three decades, East Asia has seen more peaceful and stable than at any time in history. After the Chinese economic reform in December 1978 led by Deng Xiaoping, China has rapidly emerged as a major regional power, averaging over nine percent economic growth per year. Multinational corporations have flocked to invest in China, and China-made products have begun to flood all over the world. China is modernizing its military, has joined numerous regional and international instituti...
Before the Athenian developed a democracy it was ruled by kings. It was king thesus who founded Athens, he did so by uniting several settlements of Attica into a state. However, Greek mythology was said to be the basis in which Athens was named, that there was competition of who could protect the city between the goddess Athena and Poseidon, this myths indicates that the goddess Poseidon gave a spring with sea water and Athena gave an olive tree as she touched the ground of the sacred rock of...
The Mapuche (Mäpfuchieu), were known as the Araucanians (araucanos) by the immigrating Spaniards (the term today is often taken by them as a slur). The traditional Mapuche economy was agricultural. Their society is based on extended families, each led by a lonko (chief). In wartime, several families may unite and elect a toqui (Mapudungun toki "axe, axe-bearer") as a common leader. Mapuche origins have widely debated; different scholars at different times have associated their language with t...
In the U.S. constitution our first amendment is freedom of speech. People everywhere take this privilege to the extreme. From comedians to politicians people everywhere are expressing their views vocally and gain followers in the process. In Athens there was someone who expressed his views through teachings, and was punished with death for doing so. This man's name was Socrates. Due to the restrictions in Athenian democracy Socrates died before his time, but in his death others continued his ...
Changing Security Equation. In this ever transforming world, the term security has undergone a mutation. The definition of security in the post cold war era is no longer limited to military specific concerns or based on a strategic balance. Even the national security of a country no longer encompasses merely the protection of territorial integrity of a country's borders and independence of its people. Gone are the times when inimical actions by a nation incited a direct response. Today, the e...
Melanesia includes the islands of the South Pacific (part of Oceana) where the inhabitants are black (from Greek: μÎλας black, νῆσος island). The term was first used by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1832 to denote an ethnic and geographical grouping of islands distinct from Polynesia and Micronesia. In prehistoric times the ancestors of present day Papuan speaking people settled the islands of Melanesia at least to the Solomon Islands and probably to islands further east. Around 4,000 ...
There is no doubting the fact that there was an American intelligence failure in December 1941, as the Japanese Pacific Fleet managed to cross the Pacific and attack the American Fleet based at Pearl Harbour without being intercepted or even detected. The question remains as to whether the American failure was one of collection or analysis and this is a point which David Kahn and Roberta Wohlstetter come to very different conclusions about. Whilst Kahn advocates the view that the American fai...
Australia was a member of the British Empire although it became a Federation since 1901. This meant that when Britain declared war on 4 August 1914 not only were the French and Russian empires forced to join the British, but Australia as well found itself at war. At the time the Labor leader, Andrew Fisher, assured the British that 'Australians will stand beside our own to help and defend her to our last man and our last shilling.’ Australia, being a newly-created nation with only a r...
