The Millennium Development Goals measure access to improved drinking water using an indicator that defines access as the presence of an improved water source within 1 kilometer of a person's dwelling. Water Pollution is one of the major problems in the urban and peri-urban areas in the world; it shows the positive and negative effect on the environment as well as human. The main source of pollution of the river is untreated or partially treated domestic and industrial wastewater from the urban area of Hyderabad. This paper mainly focuses on the four villages under Musi river downstream villages namely pratapa singaram, Enkiryala, surapally and Aroor among these four villages. Here I am using two sets of questioners one is household and second village questioner and ten persent of the random sampling in each village. The people spend more income on buying of fresh water. In Pratapa Singaram the annual expenditure is Rs.1,08,000/-, Enkiryala is Rs. 7,79,640/-, Surapally is Rs. 6,33,600/- and Aroor is Rs. 16,92,000, total water expenditure in the selected villages is Rs./- 32,30,000, in this selected villages most of the households were daily engaged on fetching of water from various locations of the nearby villages, the income pattern of the selected villages were indicate that their income spend more on buying fresh water this shows that the negative impact on the downstream villages people income.
Introduction
Two million tons of waste per day are discharged to receiving waters human waste industrial wastes and chemicals agricultural wastes An approximate estimate of global wastewater production is about 1,500 km3 per day ( United Nations World Water Development Report, 2003.) A large populace still does not have access to safe water. The planning commission has budgeted USD 26.5 billion in the 2012-2017 plan for providing safe water to all urban and rural Indians. Treatment of waste water, sewage treatment and solid, liquid and chemical waste, water technology, environmental services, desalination companies, consulting and engineering are some services that India will require to tackle the water problem. India spends less than USD 5 per person as compared to USD 28 in US Per capita availability of fresh water in India has dropped from 5,177 cubic meters in 1951 to 1,820 cubic meters in 2001 (Water and Waste Water Treatment Opportunity in India An Overview-2011, http://www.export.gov.il/uploadfiles/02_2012/indiawater.pdf) Fetching water is an extremely risk. The amount of time and energy individuals - typically women, male and children - must spend on this chore limits opportunities for obtaining education, becoming more economically productive and even relaxing and socializing at home (White et al. 1972; Charmes 2006; Blackden and Wodon 2006). Furthermore, the physical effort required in transporting heavy loads of water over distance often has a substantial negative impact on a person's physiological and nutritional health (Curtis 1986; Dufant 1988; Ivens 2008). water consumption patterns in rural communities (White et al. 1972; Bein 1981; Green 1984; Hadjer et al. 2005); gender roles in the developing world (Sangodoyan 1993; Devasia 2002; Bimla et al. 2003; Blackden and Wodon 2006; Charmes 2006; Ivens 2008); and the time/energy costs of domestic life in the developing world (Bleiberga et al. 1980; Whittington et al. 1990 Mehretu and Mutambira 1992; Aiga and Umenai 2002; James et al. 2002; Sujatha et al.2003; Rao et al. 2007). Studies that examine water fetching exclusively, in detail, and with a broad examination of the associated consequences on individual and community health are few and far between (see Curtis 1986; Dufant 1988).
The Hyderabad city discharges about 600 million liters per day untreated sewerage water into Misi River. Additionally, 14 industrial estates in Bollaram, Jeedimetia, Saroor nagar, Uppal, Nacharam, Mushiribad, Azamabad etc drain their untreated industrial effluents into Musi near Uppal. There is an effluent treatment. The water in Musi is now having high degree of effluents like heavy metal, phenols, oil, grease, alkaline, and acids. Consequently, the people in the down stream are receiving dangerous toxic chemicals directly from the river. The drinking water in entire area is brought from distant places, by spending lots of money. There are at least 30 villages with a population of 1.00.000 that are directly affected in this region. Moreover, besides the members, many of the industries transport the toxic wastes away from their locations and dump them somewhere roadside, which pollute the entire ground waters in the vicinity. The problems became more acute with chemical effluent joining the sewerage. The surface water pollution finally polluted the groundwater and consequently affecting drinking water. According to the Irrigation department information the number of villages affected by groundwater pollution are 6 villages in Ghatkesar Mandal, 13 villages in Pochampaliy Mandal, and 12 villages in Valigonda Mandal of 31 villages, spread in two districts namely, Ranga Reddy and Nalgonda. These villages are located placed within a distance of 50 km from the city.
Methodology
We propose to take four villages, one at head reach, second at middle reach, third and fourth at the tail-end. We propose to study the impact in four villages namely, Pratapa Singaram (located 15 Km away from Amber Pet Treatment Plant), Enkiryal (30 Km away from Amber Pet Treatment Plant), Surapally (45 Km away from Amber Pet Treatment Plant), and Aroor (60 Km away from Amber Pet Treatment Plant) The study can bring out the impact on various economic activities in the process. The study has two sets of data from each village. One is at village level, we call it village survey, and second one is household survey. The total number of households in the study area is 2,385. The sample for the present study consists of 10 percent random sample of total households in each village. The coverage has brought out the extent and nature of problems at different points. The study covered all castes, all types of traditional and non-traditional occupational households.
Discussion and Analysis of study area.
Table-I
Caste Wise Distribution Of Sample Households In The Selected villages Under Musi River
Pratap Singaram
Enkiryal
Sur pally
Arooru
Grand Total
Caste
T.H.H
S.H.H
T.H.H
S.H.H
T.H.H
S.H.H
T.H.H
S.H.H
T.H.H
S.H.H
OC
10
1
110
11
20
2
35
4
175
18
BC
320
32
500
50
70
7
410
41
1300
130
SC
105
11
300
30
130
13
100
10
635
64
ST
10
1
10
1
250
25
5
1
275
28
Total
445
45
920
92
470
47
550
56
2385
240
Source: Field Work (T.H.H Total Households, S.H.H Selected Households)
The population in the selected villages were stratified into OC, BC,SC and ST.. From each group a ten percent sample was selected randomly. Among the sample households, BC households were more and the OC households were less in number. The entire sample together, there were 240 households selected for the study. Out of the selected villages, Enkiryal has highest sample of 92 households and lowest in Pratap Singaram. The details of the village wise selected sample households were given in the table-I.
Table-II
Income Distribution Of The Respondents In Sample Villages (Rs./-)
Name of the Village
Below
10,000
10,000-
20,000
20,000-
30,000
30,000-
40,000
40,000-
50,000
50,000-
60,000
60,000-
above
Total No
Pratapa
Singaram
2
(4.44)
13
(28.8)
11
(24.4)
6
(13.3)
5
(11.1)
3
(6.6)
5
(11.1)
45
(100)
Enkiryal
18
(19.56)
21
(22.82)
17
(18.47)
19
(20.65)
1
(1.86)
6
(6.52)
9
(9.78)
92
(100)
Surapally
9
(19.14)
10
(21.27)
13
(30.95)
6
(14.28)
4
(9.52)
2
(4.76)
3
(7.14)
47
(100)
Aroor
7
(12.5)
11
(19.64)
16
(28.5)
7
(12.5)
5
(8.9)
5
(8.9)
6
(10.7)
56
(100)
Total
36
(15.0)
55
(22.9)
57
(23.7)
38
(15.8)
15
(6.25)
16
(6.6)
23
(9.5)
240
(100)
Source: Field Survey
Table no II, shows that 15 percent of the respondents were earning below Rs.10,000/. The data shows that the poverty is less among the respondents. When compared, the respondents earning below Rs.40, 000/- were more than the respondents earning above Rs.40,000/-.. In Pratapa Singaram, due to para grass cultivation, demand for agricultural labour, the respondents in the group of Below Rs.10,000/- were less in number. In Enkiryal, due to death of fish and pollution related problems which are more when compared to others, the percentage in below Rs. 10,000/- category was more. Next in order comes Surapally in below Rs.10, 000/- group.
Table-III
No of persons engaged in fetching of water in various places of the selected villages
Name of the village
Fetching Of Water
(<18 Years)
Fetching Of Water
(>18 Years)
Total No. Persons Engaged In Fetching Of Water
Pratapa singaram
1
2
3
Enkiryala
35
48
83
Surapally
15
26
41
Aroor
11
36
47
Total
62
112
174
Source:Field Work
Above table shows that the number of persons engaged in the fetching of water daily, they are totally loss of their work efficiency due to fetching of water, and also the burden of the family they are not engaged in any other work. In pratapa singaram village most of the households not buying of water due to the municipal water of Krishna goes from this area. Less than 18 years are engaged to fetching of water is only one person, plus 18 years were two, total three persons were engaged in the fetching of water daily. In Enkiryala village most of the people were buying water for the drinking as well as other usage purposes, but the water plant is not nearby their households, they are going by walk and getting the water in their head, so this is very painful, and the every household one person must be involved in the fetching of water daily, 83 persons were engaged daily fetching of water, so this is negative impact on the household income of the people and also very high burden of the family. In surapally viallge water plant away from two kilometers of the village, so it also difficult to buying the water, but 43 households engaged in fetching of water daily, this is also negative impact on the family. In Aroor Village the water plant in not nearby village, it is locate 6 kilometers away from the village, some of the persons are purely engaged on the fetching of water, actually 20 liters water bottle in the water plant is Rs.5/- , but whose are engaged in the fetching water they take commission for each 20 litters bottle Rs.2/- so the total cost of the 20 liters water bottle is Rs.7/-, regularly 47 persons engaged fetching of the water from water plant. The overall picture shows that the people most of them were engaged fetching of water from different locations in their villages.
TABLE-IV
PURPOSE WISE PURCHASE AND COST OF WATER BY THE RESPONDENTS IN PRATAPA SINGARAM
Caste
S.HH
Purchased
Water
Water
Cost
Not
Purchased
Drink
ing
Cook
ing
Qunt
.litters
Pries
(20 lts)
Monthly
Expnd.
Annual expend.
Drink
ing
Cook
ing
Bath
ing
Wash
ing
Clean
ing
Live stock
Others
OC
01
01
-
20
10
300
3600
-
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
BC
32
02
-
20
10
300
7200
30
(93.75)
32
(100)
32
(100)
32
(100)
32
(100)
32
(100)
32
(100)
SC
11
-
-
20
10
-
-
11
(100)
11
(100)
11
(100)
11
(100)
11
(100)
11
(100)
11
(100)
ST
01
-
-
20
10
-
-
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
Total
45
03
(6.60)
-
-
-
-
10800
42
(93.33)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
Source: Field Survey
TABLE-V
PURPOSE WISE PURCHASE AND COST OF WATER BY THE RESPONDENTS IN ENKIRYAL
Caste
S.HH
Purchased water
Water cost
Not purchased
Drinking
Cooking
Qunt
.litters
Pries (20 lts)
Monthly
Expnd.
Annual expend.
Drink
ing
Cook
Ing
Bath
ing
Wash
Ing
Cleaning
Live stock
Others
OC
11
11
06
(54.54)
20
03
90
11880
05
(45.45)
11
(100)
11
(100
11
(100
11
(100
11
(100
BC
50
46
(92)
10
(20)
20
03
90
49,680
4
(8)
40
(80)
50
(100)
50
(100)
50
(100)
50
(100)
50
(100)
SC
30
25
(83.33)
4
(13.33)
20
03
90
27,000
5
(16.66)
26
(86.66)
30
(100)
30
(100)
30
(100)
30
(100)
30
(100)
ST
1
1
--
20
03
90
1,080
-
-
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
Total
92
83
(90.21)
20
(21.73)
79,640
9
(9.78)
72
(78.26)
92
(100)
92
(100)
92
(100)
92
(100)
92
(100)
Source: Field Survey
TABLE-VI
PURPOSE WISE PURCHASE AND COST OF WATER BY THE RESPONDENTS IN SURAPALLY
Caste
S.HH
Purchased water
Water cost
Not purchased
Drinking
Cooking
Qunt
.litters
Pries (20 lts)
Monthly
Expnd.
Annual expend.
Drink
Ing
Cook
ing
Bath
Ing
Wash
ing
Cleaning
Live stock
Others
OC
2
2
(100)
1
(50)
20
4
120
2880
--
1
(50)
2
(100)
2
(100)
2
(100)
2
(100)
2
(100)
BC
7
6
(85.71)
2
(28.57)
20
4
120
8,640
1
(14.28)
5
(71.42)
7
(100)
7
(100)
7
(100)
7
(100)
7
(100)
SC
13
11
(84.61)
1
(7.69)
20
4
120
15,840
2
(15.38)
12
(92.30)
13
(100)
13
(100)
13
(100)
13
(100)
13
(100)
ST
25
22
(88)
5
(20)
20
4
120
36,000
3
(12)
20
(80)
25
(100)
25
(100)
25
(100)
25
(100)
25
(100)
Total
47
41
(87.22)
9
(19.14)
63,360
6
(12.76)
38
(8.85)
47
(100)
47
(100)
47
(100)
47
(100)
47
(100)
Source: Field Survey
TABLE-VII
PURPOSE WISE PURCHASE AND COST OF WATER BY THE RESPONDENTS IN AROOR
Caste
S.HH
Purchased water
Water cost
Not purchased
Drinking
Cooking
Qunt
.litters
Pries (20 lts)
Monthly
Expnd.
Annual expend.
Drink
Ing
Cook
Ing
Bath
Ing
Wash
Ing
Cleaning
Live stock
Others
OC
4
4
(100)
1
(25)
20
10
300
14,400
--
3
(75)
4
(100)
4
(100)
4
(100)
4
(100)
4
(100)
BC
41
36
(87.80)
5
(12.19)
20
10
300
1,29,600
5
(12.19)
36
(87.80)
41
(100)
41
(100)
41
(100)
41
(100)
41
(100)
SC
10
6
(60)
1
(10)
20
10
300
21,600
4
(40)
9
(90)
10
(100)
10
(100)
10
(100)
10
(100)
10
(100)
ST
1
1
(100)
----
20
10
300
3600
--
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
1
(100)
Total
56
47
(83.92)
7
(12.5)
1,69,200
9
(16.07)
49
(87.5)
56
(100)
56
(100)
56
(100)
56
(100)
56
(100)
Source: Field Survey
TABLE-VIII
Purpose Wise Purchase of Water and Cost of the Water by the Respondents in Pratapa Singaram, Enkiryal, Surapally and Aroor
Name of the
Village
S.H.H
Purchased water
Water Cost
Not Purchased
Drink
Ing
Cook
ing
Quantity
(liters)
Price
(20) liters
Annual
Expend.
Rs/-.
Drink
Ing
Cook
Ing
Bath
Ing
Wash
Ing
Clean
Ing
Live
Stock
Others
Pratap singrm
45
03
(6.60)
---
20
10
10,800
42
(93.33)
45
(100)
45
(100)
45
(100)
45
(100)
45
(100)
45
(100)
Enkiryal
92
83
(90.21)
20
(21.73)
20
3
79,640
9
(9.78)
72
(78.26)
92
(100)
92
(100)
92
(100)
92
(100)
92
(100)
Surapally
47
41
(87.22)
9
(19.14)
20
4
63,360
6
(12.76)
38
(8.85)
47
(100)
47
(100)
47
(100)
47
(100)
47
(100)
Aroor
56
47
(83.92)
7
(12.5)
20
10
1,69,200
9
(16.0)
49
(87.5)
56
(100)
56
(100)
56
(100)
56
(100)
56
(100)
Total
240
174
(72.50)
36
(15.0)
-----
----
66
(28.0)
160
(67.0)
240
(100)
240
(100)
240
(100)
240
(100)
240
(100)
Source: Field Survey (S.H.H., Sample Households)
In Pratapa Singaram, water from Krishna River is coming. That is why; purchase of water is less in this village (6.6%). The purchase of water is only for drinking water and the quantity is 20 liters. The annual expenditure for drinking water was Rs/-.10, 800. Among the caste groups, OC and BC are purchasing water BC are 6.65 pre cent purchasing SC and ST are not purchasing water. The details were given in table no-IV.
The water problem is conspicuous in Enkiryala village. 90 percent of the respondents are purchasing drinking water and 21 percent of the respondents are purchasing water for cooking purpose. The data shows that the affordability also varies among the caste groups. It was cent percent in OCs for drinking purpose. It also shows the level of compulsion to purchase water. The annual expenditure Rs.79, 640/- shows the burden on the families to purchase water. SCs are very less percent to purchase the drinking water (13.33). Here the water price of 20 liters are only Rs.3/-. Unfortunately nobody bothers to purchase water for the livestock which is supplementing their income. The details were given in table no-V.
The water problem is acute in Surapally village also. The data shows the pressing need for purchase of water. Here also the respondents purchase drinking water and for cooking purpose. The over all expenditure on the drinking water in the village respondents are Rs.63, 360/-, drinking water are purchased 87.22 percent and also cooking purposed were 19.14 percent. OC are cent percent purchase drinking water and cooking purpose is only 50 percent of the respondents, Here also there is no purchase of water for the cattle. The details were given in table no-VI.
The water problem is conspicuous in Aroor village. 83.92 percent of the respondents are purchasing drinking water and 12.5 percent of the respondents are purchasing water for cooking purpose. The price of water for 20 liters is Rs.10/-, it is very high to comparatively other selected villages. That is more burden to the village people they are spending on water for annum is Rs. 1,69,200/-.The details were given in the table-VII .The data shows that the affordability also varies among the caste groups. It was cent percent in OCs for drinking purpose. It also shows the level of compulsion to purchase water. ST are not purchase the drinking water. Unfortunately nobody bothers to purchase water for the livestock which is supplementing their income. The details were mentioned conditions are similar in Aroor also.. The details were given in table no-VII
Table-IX
Annual Water Expenditure Of Selected Households In the Selected Villages
Name Of The Village
Annual Expenditure(Rs/-.)
Pratapa Singaram
1,08,000
Enkiryal
7,79,400
Surapally
6,33,600
Aroor
16,92,000
Total
32,30,000
Source:Field Survey
Overall picture shows that there is a pressing need for fresh water and due to water pollution people are over burdened with expenditure on water. In Pratapa Singaram the annual expenditure is Rs.1,08,000/-, Enkiryala is Rs. 7,79,640/-, Surapally is Rs. 6,33,600/- and Aroor is Rs. 16,92,000/-,. Aroor spent more expenditure on water, followed by Enkiryal, Pratapa Singaram and Surapally. Total expenditure of the water in the selected villages is Rs./- 32,30,000, this indicate over burden on the people in this villages, according to income distribution of the villages are very less but they are spending water cost is very high it come down the status of the people of the downstream villeges. The variation of water expenditure in four villages, they are unable to purchase drinking water but forced to do so. There is no other alternative. Few are purchasing water for cooking purpose also. The cost of water is varying in the sample villages. So there is variation for the same 20 liters in the annual expenditure if compared. The variation is also due to filter stations in Enkariyala and Surapally. The details were given in table Explaination of The details were given in table -IX .
CONCLUSIONS
It is clear urgent need to pay attention to the problem of water pollution in the downstream area. An scientific study of problem of pollution and its socio economic implications, it should be under taken a massive movement has to be launches to create among the people and to bring pressure on the government to tackle this problem, it may be observed that the problems arising out of pollution of River Musi have to be tackle two levels, and they must taken up simultaneously. The sources of pollution have to be tackle in the Hyderabad Metropolitan city itself, where which is the source of pollution the government have to initiative urgent effective measure to control pollution causing industries and set up treatment plants for industrial effluents and there by minimize pollution of river. The drainage and sewerage system also need to be totally modernize for the same reason. To establish the safe food , safe water and safe sustainability
At the village level itself it is necessary to identify the sources of pollution and provide remedial measures. It is necessary to give top priority provision of safe drinking water and improving the medical facilities for the affected people, Similarly measures have to initiative macro and micro level to improve the soil conditions, the quality of irrigation and drinking water provide for growth of lively hood in the non-farming sectors like poultry, dairy, related village level industries. The overall situation shows that there is a pressing need for fresh water and due to water pollution people are over burdened with expenditure on water. They are unable to purchase drinking water but forced to do so. There is no other alternative. In selected four villages the water quality is not fit for drinking as well as usage of other purposes, so this indicate the burden of the family income to purchase the water, and also most of the people spend their time for fetching of water , this is adversely affect on the income of the selected villages of Musi River. So the government will take immediate action for the control of water pollution, and to motivate the awareness programmes for the people of the downstream villages.
Scope for the further research
Water pollution is creating so many problems, when the people getting the pure water for the purpose drinking as well as all other purposes they need not bather, but most the developing countries having less water treatment plants for the treat of the polluted water, that will destroyed the soil and ground water, due to that everyone can affected, so the government can take action to control the water pollution, provide safe drinking water for the people .
