Data Acquisition system plays an important role in the field of modern technology. Often Data Acquisition system is abbreviated as DAS DAQ. The idea behind the DAQ is to sample the data which represents real time conditions and to convert it in a digital form in which computers and processor can manipulate it. Each application has its own design and its structure. Hence in this paper, a survey on a RT Data Acquisition system has been presented. DAQ is capable of carrying around 300 channels of RT DAS, static test facility for on board systems and High speed acquisition & redundant systems. At present, different application in DAQ software are developed using the Lab View for real time acquisition, analyzation & to display.
Key Words: - Data Acquisition, FPGA, Embedded system, Real time system, ARM controller.
1. Introduction
Data Acquisition is performing a very essential role in the modern industry controlling system. Often DAS is typically a variety of embedded acquisition system which consists of an 8-bit soul fragment. These systems are accomplished of measuring precision speed, ability to analyze and processes the data in real time, and the capacity of data storage. The Hardware of Data-Acquisition system embraces signal conditioning and interconnecting devices based on PCI module [1]. The basic idea behind the Data-Acquisition system is to convene all the constraints in the present technology. There are varieties of systems available on the support, which performs data acquisition along with categorization but at very high rates. Embedded system interacts repeatedly with its atmosphere and carries out a variety of tasks, by definite timing constraint to meet the desires of system performance. The Processors have low power consumption and small size with a high instruction throughput. Data-Acquisition Systems are hybrid electronic devices with the major role of interfacing the digital signal to the atmosphere.
In Real Time resources consumption both hardware and software must be capable of interacting with physical "actions" external to the processor itself, and this interaction must be
adequately high-speed as to confine and conserve the vital in sequence interconnected to the event. The objective of our data acquisition is to integrate the signal conditioning, data acquiring, data collection and processing function into a distinct board based embedded system. It has twelve simultaneously acquiring channels, 250KS/s per channel and supplies the standard signal for test of the global system. Embedded Data Acquisitions system, which was designed using the ARM Processor (Cortex MP core), FPGA behaves like a target to an embedded system [2]. ARM Processor who acts as the central DAQ System is used as the controlling system that reins the devices connected to it. Depending upon the sensor equipment used, signal diction and processing more integrated applications have emerged. In signal processing, FPGA is the control unit, and all the control logics are finished by hardware with high speed, low-cost and strong flexibility [3,4,5]. In advance data acquisition is used based on microcontroller unit.The data that may bein analog or digital form are filtered,processed and send to different display devices using proper interfaces but in the microcontroller based system the processing is done in the microcontroller unit.To Overcome the drawbacks such as low processing speed,poor usage of memory but now embedded field uses ARM and FPGA as the main controlling Unit in the data acquisition system.Both Processor have their own advantage in the application field.ARM is mainly used in an embedded control and other application. FPGA has an ability to implement the signal processing and developing a system using System on chip. The main advantages of FPGA is the flexibility. In present FPGA is fully equipped with hard and soft core processors and capable of supporting all industrial Real time Ethernet Protocols.
The data-acquisition system constitutes the central point in complex systems in which numerous signals must be sampled, monitored and recorded, in real-time. External devices with digital and Ana log outputs can be connected directly to the system. The system provides high-speed, isolated, serial, Ana log inputs, and to dedicate to data acquisition [6][7].
2. Integrated DAQ using ARM and FPGA in DAQ Card
DAQ (Data Acquisition) is defined as the process of taking a real-world signal as input, such as a voltage or current. The function of Data acquisition system are the personal computer, Transducers, Signal conditioning and DAQ hardware. A Physical phenomena represents the real-world signal and transducers sense real world signal and provide electrical signals that the DAQ system can measure. For example, IC sensors convert temperature into an analog signal that an ADC can measure. In each case, the electrical signals produced are proportional to the physical parameters they are monitoring. The real-world sensors and transducers output signals that must be conditioned before a DAQ board or device can effectively and correctly acquire the signal. This front-end pre-processing, which is generally referred to as signal conditioning, includes functions such as signal amplification, filtering, electrical isolation, and multiplexing in which Low-level signals are amplified to increase the resolution and reduce noise. The Personal Computer is used for data acquisition system can radically affect the maximum speeds at which are able to continuously acquire data. The data transfer capabilities of the computer can extensively affect the performance of DAQ system. All PCs are capable of programmed I/O and interrupt transfers. The limiting factor for acquiring large amounts of data is often the hard drive. Data acquisition hardware consists of Signal processing/transfer and Signal Converting/data buffer.
The design and the interconnection of a new Data Acquisition system prototype is emerged based on FPGA and ARM technology. This System provides a continuous and quasi Real Time data transferring capability. The intention of this work is to obtain a high integrated level architecture that allows signals to be conditioned simultaneously to attain according to the external clock and triggers, processed and transfer to data servers in a Real Time System [8][9].
Integrated Data Acquisition system is based on an industrial PC with 20 slot ISA Passive Back Plane. The CPU is a single card Pentium 90 with 32MB RAM, on board hard and floppy disk controllers plus a small computer system edge (SCSI). The socket in CPU card Small Computer System Interface (SCSI). The bung in CPU card can be improved as required [10][11][12]. The biased DAQ Hardware is a mixture of commercially available boards and AOD Design boards.
Physical Phenomena
Signal
Conversion
Signal
Processing
Signal
conditioning
Sensor
ARM
FPGA
Actuator
Physical Phenomena
PC
Figure 1. Data Acquisition System
The DAS integrates signal conditioning, data acquiring, data collecting and processing system into the single board based embedded system. The new Data Acquisition system based on a Field Programmable gate array (FPGA) and Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) technology has been developed in order to take in the continuous data acquisition and Real Time data transmission during an extensive throb exonerate. The system is accomplished of collecting and processing multichannel audio sources without the need of a PC and storing them into a storage space device. The intend uses system on chip technology and hardware/software co-design to integrate all functions needed by this application into a single FPGA. FPGA is embedded into signal converting and buffer. The ARM Processor who acts as the central DAS is used as the controlling system that manages the device connect to it and acquire the data from the altered subsystem. [13-17]The device which is connected to the ARM Processor through RS232 Serial Port. The need of Real Time DAS in industry control, ARM Processor combined with embedded real time OS realize the data acquisition system and remote transmission through the wireless communication can be used in a wider field.
2.1 ARM AND FPGA MODULE
Embedded Data Acquisition system consists of three parts: information sensors, acquisition controller and transfer module. Sensor module includes tri-axis accelerometer, digital gyroscope, gauss digital magnetometer, impact detector, GPS device, Video cameras and microphones, etc. The acquisition controller is based on FPGA together with DDR2 SDRAM and solid-state storage disk (SSD) which consist of NAND flashes. The signal processing and transfer module comprises of Cortex, L2cache, main memory, serial port, network, memory, USB Controller. The DAQ System integrates the signal conditioning, a data acquiring, data collection and processing function into a distinct board based embedded system. By DMA, the main control module receives the acquired data from signal converting module. [20-21]The ARM Chip Supports a four-Channel DMA controller located between the system bus and peripheral bus with no restrictions. The ARM Processor and FPGA are interconnected by an external bus Interface (EBI).
FPGA component is the central part of the imperfection processing system, includes all the digital circuit element. Throughout the design process, where the system on chip is emphasized, the FPGA part achieve all the essential process, digital logic together with the adder, comparators, buffers, PLL , Counters, MUX, USB edge reason. After execution we get lithe digital part and flexibility, by simply updating the FPGA program in compliance with the requirements. Different systems can be supported on the same hardware by uploading a new programming onto the FPGA [22]. So it is proper to use as controller chip in real time image System . In collecting module, an FPGA is the control unit, and all the control logics are finished by hardware with high speed, Low-Cost and strong flexibility.
As the core processor in the system, FPGA is responsible to collecting the data acquired by each sensor. The data is processed in FPGA; and then buffered in DDR2 module or saved in SSD directly. When needed, the data is loaded from the SSD and sent to Internet database server or portable wireless device. The design demands for buffering multi-channel sensor's data. Nevertheless, the resource of buffer on chip is inadequate to meet the demand. The system uses DDR2 SDRAM as the extend buffer.DDR2 SDRAM cannot support, read and write data simultaneously for the address bus which is shared by read and write operation. In order to be uncomplicated, the structure for the system, the DDR2 SDRAM is a package in the form of FIFO (First in First out). The package supports user a modest and standard interface and the function of Read and writes operation to DDR2 SDRAM.
ADDRESS
CONTROLLER
FIFO
FIFO
STATE
MACHINE
DDR2,
SDRAM
Figure 2.FPGA MODULE
The ARM module contribution an absurd variety of products based upon Cortex-M processors, the Option of performance, peripherals and software is now more affluent than continually before. The ARM Cortex processors are the most recent and highest performance. ARM processors implement the full affluence of the extensively supported ARM architecture. The Cortex MP Core processor delivers efficient power and performance with high functionality. The integrated signal processing features of the Cortex MP Core simplifies the development of application Software, by offering a single tool Chain and processing device, when compared to architectures containing separate application's processors. Many of the high Performance signals processing instructions for the Cortex MP Core processor can be taken advantage through the compiler.
The requirements for design of both single and multi processor refers the new ARM processors. The MP Core implementation of the processor offers advanced further of lower power consumption. In Order to achieve the Consumers requirement the ARM Processor designed with the low power consumption. The circuit of acquisition hardware Using multi modulation circuit to modulate the I2 channel signals (including the corresponding signal conversion, signal processing, etc) this makes the signal collected from multichannel meet ARM9 core requirement[23-25]. In order to achieve the wholeworking setup the host computer monitor and on-site display touch screen show the user all the required information in the superior computer display output.
SERIAL PORT
CORTEX
MPCORE
NETWORK
L2CACHE
USB
MAIN MEMORY
Figure 3.ARM MODULE
2.2 Lab VIEW for Data Acquisition
Lab VIEW is a graphical programming circumstances with the intention of make it uncomplicated to obtain any extent from any sensor for any quantity system, and the heart of the NI design platform which integrate all the tools that engineers and scientists need to assemble a extensive variety of application in drastically take away . Therefore it provides tools to resolve present exertion and the competence for future innovation faster and more efficiently [19]. Driver software with an intuitive application programming interface makes a huge impact on implementation a project on time with Low cost. NI-DAQ driver software goes isolated in advance of an essential DAQ driver to express increased productivity and performance.
Labview is an exact software for Data acquisition. The software is used to control or drive the hardware. Devoid of software data acquisition does not work properly. To analysis the inclusive data acquisition the PC convert the software to the data acquisition hardware so with the intention of middle layer is formed between the application software and hardware. Driver software act as an middle layer of software for effortlessly communicating with the hardware .Appropriate to this it increasing the speed and improves the system performance, it can also even generate code based on our configuration, making it easier and faster to develope complex operations. Application software is used for analysis and the presentation capabilities to drive software.
The data acquisition system is intended to run without a UPS support and situations of its switch off without a proper shutdown cannot be avoided both operating systems had to be properly configured to avoid damage of operating system files and to ensure trouble-free booting under all circumstances. The MS Windows XP Embedded Operating system boots similarly from its Compact Flash card and to avoid writing to this memory during operating system run the embedded enabling feature called Enhanced Write Filter (EWF) is configured for this card.
The software tools used for the embedded system have been written in the C++ object oriented programming language. The software is developed and cross compiled for the ARM architecture on a host system using cross tools .For FPGA it allow the user to be able to interface to a PC for data restoration and monitoring. Now a day's Lab view platform is a best software tools in which inbuilt code is provided. The platform interface with the ARM and FPGA based DAQ card. The tools available with it prove very beneficial in developing application faster and easier. The main benefit of the Data acquisition system are DAQ card can be connected in LAN for analysis from remote terminal present on LAN.DAQ card can be connected with internet so that data can be access from any internet connected computer.
National Instruments (NI) which is a leading industry in DAQ has recently provided PCI and PCI extensions for instrumentation DAQ card with FPGA such as the NI Lab view FPGA Module. FPGA is only used for limited purposes such as timing and triggering or reconfigurable control algorithms. DAQs involving FPGAs can be redesigned while mounted on a target system to reach fine tuned performance (or) to reroute a faculty circuit to a new place. The recently introduces high capacity FPGA allows for the integration of multiple components on a single chip. In addition, it can have all the processing, storage and Input-Output Capabilities that are needed by a DAQ system. Lab View Application builder is very useful tool when we are designing an application that runs on the system that does not have Lab View installed on it. Tools of Lab View, Application Builder builds the application exe is executable file as well as installer which can be installed on any machine with required specification.
3. Integrated DAQ System
The integration of distinct gets on PC into a DAQ system can be made by treating Single board computer system in a analogous way that hardware substance are treated. During suspicious propose, an insignificant regular edifice is used similar to a software bus with the purpose of linked to a set of hardware specific code exacting by the variety of being used. A basic communication protocol combines with little compact readout routine consequence of a system as a high-speed data readout device.
ARM and FPGA processors are the mainly flexible components in the embedded system Design and it achieved the reliability through hardware and software technology. These Processor form RISC architecture and high level programming language. Hard and soft core processor are the different type of processor implemented in FPGA. Several factors influence an embedded processor implementation include obvious and concrete system requirement. The component in the FPGA board include ana log multiplexer, buffer, Ana log to digital converter, SDRAM and FIFO. These further components are used for interfacing both the inputs to the chip and output to the PC. The input voltage commands are multiplexed, digitized and stored in SDRAM. The data from the ADC is stored in SDRAM in consecutive locations. The FPGA is used to reduce the bandwidth of the external data by implementing appropriate filter using the soft processor implemented in the FPGA. Then the data is the taken by the FPGA and it is framed as per the Ethernet protocol. The data is then transmitted to the SDRAM in the Ethernet
Controller. For FPGA it allow the user to be able to interface to a PC for data restoration and monitoring. Now a day's Lab view platform is an best software tools in which inbuilt code is provided. The platform interface with the ARM and FPGA based DAQ card. The tools available with it prove very beneficial in developing application faster and easier
The Hard Processor system (HPS) consists of a dual core ARM cortex, FPGA. Programmable logic is provided by a recast of peripherals and a multiport memory controller[26-28]. The advantages is to reduce the cost, power and to save the more FPGA asserts for application specific convention logic. FPGA logic supports DDR2, SDRAM, Address controller, FIFO devices with integrated error correction cable . It support for high reliability and safety critical applications.
FPGAs integrates an ARM based hard processor system which comprises single/multiprocessor, various peripherals and memory interfaces within the FPGA fabric. This fabric is incorporated with a high bandwidth. High throughput data paths among the HPS and FPGA framework make available an integrated performance, which is not achievable in two chips solution[29-31]s. The fixed interconnection among the HPS and FPGA fabric provide more than 100GBPS Peak bandwidth with integrated data coherency connecting the processor and the FPGA.
Real-time data acquisition System supports every day decision-making. It also supports tactical decision making by allowing to send data to the FIFO and storage in SDRAM then transfer to serial port etc. The data is stored persistently in BW. The real-time data acquisition want to transfer data to BW at more regular intervals than Standard data acquisition.It transfers upto data require to be regularly available for analysis and reporting.The standard data acquisition are request oriented where as real time data acquisition are data availability oriented.The time duration is entirely slow when compare to RT data acquisition system.Comparsion table is shown below between standard and real time data acquisition system.
The advantages of ARM based SOC FPGA are reduced system power and board size, less expensive, improved system performance via high bandwidth interconnects between the processor and FPGA. The system Power is reduced by assimilating distinct processors and digital signal processing (DSP) functions into a single FPGA.
Table 1.Comparsion study between Standard and Real time data acquisition
Features
Standard Data Acquisition
Real Time Data Acquisition
Objective
Strategic Decision-Making
Tactical Decision-Making
Data Acquisition
Application Oriented
Information accessibility Oriented
Load Cycle
1/day.....1/week
1/minute....1/hour
Resource Consumption
Processing normally
Permanent Resource Consumption
4. APPLICATIONS OF IDAQ
In many real world applications, multichannel data acquisition (DAQ) is needed for the purpose of surveillance, monitoring and or control.
In biomedical applications, an electroencephalogram (EEG) or an electrocardiogram (ECG) system can simply require five to ten nodes for each patient, and each node normally require more number of 200 samples per second. It is not special for other vital sign monitors also to be attached to a patient, and several patients may allocate the same room[32-33]. The density of consumption may be as high as 50 to 100 nodes in a small area. An essential issue in such real-time systems is the wireless communication protocol. All nodes must consume the available bandwidth effectively.
In educational laboratory, the cost of the DAQ cards and computers is substantial limiting the number of station that is available to students and making it difficult for students to complete their assignments. Since the lab assignments require access to the DAQ lab hardware and software, Students often find themselves competing for access to the DAQ Computer.
In Industrial and consumer application person have been replace by unmanned strategy that will obtain data and convey the data back to the base. The control devices with the purpose of substituting for a supervisor in a multisite job operation[34-38]. A particular person can observe and even interact with the ongoing work from a single base station.
In computer aided laboratory, Instrumentation that is currently running in the laser Metrology laboratory. The experiment is part of the research project and focuses on monitoring strain in concrete blocks with various types of sensors. The setup consists of eight concrete specimen cast from different concrete mixes that are arranged in two groups of four Specimens. One group is tensioned by a steel bar while another group is left untension after casting and curing.
In automobile application the main factors (environment, vehicle, and driver) of traffic accidents, we increase the sorts of sensor. The more intuitive information forms like audio/video are recorded in the system. The design utilizes various MEMS (Micro-electromechanical systems) sensors impact detector to detect the running states of vehicle. Prevailing GPS is applied to acquire the position and velocity of vehicle. System also collects the driver's operation activity such as clutch/brake/throttle/steering wheel/lights/speaker and so on in order to judge the behaviours' validity of driver. Acquisition is installed on a passenger car, sensors collected variety signals under setting under trigger conditions then FPGA processed data from acquisition system through network connection.
In industrial automation data acquisition systems are often used for the purpose of process monitoring[39-41]. Our team is specialized in control of fast industrial processes, and then arose a need for a data acquisition that would help to analyze the behaviour of the industrial process and to choose an appropriate control system. Another intended purpose of the data acquisition system was the utilization as a monitoring system that would help to tune the applied control system.
5. CONCULSION
In this paper, the Hardware Data Acquisition system integrated with Signal conditioning, Signal converting/Data Buffer and Signal process/transferring in Single board. A few new technologies are introduced into this system such as Cortex MP Core, FPGA. Thus the standard DAQ system is an application oriented and System Processing is normal Compare to the Real time DAQ system which is an Information accessibility Oriented. The measured Signal waveforms are display at Lab view front panel. The main advantages of the Real time Data acquisition System offers Low cost, Low Power consumption, reduced board size, high speed with higher accuracy, reliability, efficiency and strong flexibility.
