Increasing the population of Bandung City generates the more waste production. If local government didn't make any real action to manage waste, it will be impacted to economy, health, environment, and so forth. According to head of PD Kebersihan Kota Bandung, recently, every day Bandung City produces 1,800 ton waste and only 53.3% can be transported to TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir) (bandung.detik.com, 2010). This situation makes Bandung City has problem in waste management. In 2005, there was landslide in TPA Leuwigajah which caused over 100 people died and in same year, this city popular as "Bandung Lautan Sampah".
In order to avoid that disaster in the future, local government tries to find the best solution for waste management. This year, local government plans to build infrastructure of waste management specifically waste to energy (WTE) or known as Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa), but that facility only need 1,000 ton waste/day to produce energy. So, the rest (800 ton) will be managed by 3Rs (reuse, reduce, & recycle) principles (bandung.go.id, 2010). However, to manage that waste, residents of Bandung City as part of communities could not always depend on government, so it must be managed by communities.
On the other hand, Bandung City is dominantly by Muslim communities which high potency as activator in solid waste management based on mosque. The number of mosque in this city is sufficient enough to bring that concept into success. Based on BPS (2005), there are over 4,000 mosque, including small mosque (musholla) established in Bandung City and over 2 million population. Mosque can be used as basis of solid waste management to manage 800 ton waste through 3Rs concept. Mosque based solid waste management is one option to solve environmental problem in Bandung city and also health or economic issues. However, mosque based waste management needs participation from local communities and also full support from local government and other stakeholders.
This paper has aimed:
To describe program of Mosque Based Solid Waste Management (MBSWM)
To offer this program in order to reduce waste problem in Bandung City.
To demonstrate this program can be used as one option to solve problem in health, economic, and environmental perspective.
That program built through literature review and hopefully it can be implemented in particular area in Bandung.
II. Mosque Based Solid Waste Management (MBSWM)
The definition of mosque based solid waste management is derived from definition of community based solid waste management (ESP, 2006) which is an approach of waste management which planned, implemented, controlled and evaluated by jama'ah of mosque. One factor that triggers this program is Islam loved about hygiene and sanitation. Popular hadith said that "cleanness is part of faith". In addition, this program is try to encourage community back to mosque because based on my own observation, some mosque is only used for merely worship (pray or read Quran). Whereas, mosque is not only for worship but also can be center of jama'ah activity such as solid waste management. Another reason why this program proposed is sometime mosque lack of fund to finance their activity such as TPA (Taman Pendidikan Alquran), Majelis Taklim, funeral ceremony or dakwah. This program can be good solution to reduce waste and also gain additional fund.
This concept is simple where solid waste that produced by household or restaurant will be collected in mosque. Then, it will be processed further by 3Rs principles and sell it to waste collector agencies or used it by jama'ah.
The aim of this program is described as follow: {adopted from Era (2006)}
To increase the level of environmental awareness surrounding mosque area.
To improve waste management practices of the jama'ah.
To raise additional funds for mosque activity through waste donation strategy.
To enhance strong relationship between jama'ah and mosque.
The flow chart of this program can be seen below:
DKM
Local Government
Third Parties
(NGOs, Universities, Donor)
Waste Management
(Compost, paper, plastic, etc)
Income
Communities/
Jama'ah
Waste Collector Agencies
Farmer
Household
Industries
Landfill
Figure of MBSWM (Compilation result)
This program required mosque which has sufficient land to provide waste processing activities. Because it needs distance between pray room and processing unit and also waste separation in household level to avoid unpleasant odor. If there is no space in mosque, other space available can be used. But, the management is still in DKM because the objective of this program is to make jama'ah and mosque still close. Furthermore, there are some actor who involved in this program, such as local government and third parties (NGOs or universities) with different task. Local government can help jama'ah in financial aspect because this program related to 7 (seven) priorities programs of Bandung City in environmental sector (http://dadarosada.org/). Other assistance is through training or comparative study to other area in Indonesia which is success in waste management. Meanwhile, third parties, ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung) for instance, can bring their technology or equipment in waste processing to jama'ah. This is dedication to community which is one of Tri Dharma of universities.
The initiative of this program can be started from jama'ah level where they form organization such as DKM (Dewan Keluarga Masjid) to conduct this program and then make a proposal to local government and also DKM should contact actively to universities to get support. DKM plays important role to encourage other jama'ah to involve in this activity because this program comes from, to and for jama'ah principles. The next step is found appropriate waste collector agencies who willing to buy product of jama'ah.
Moreover, DKM produces the variation of waste product such as compost, plastic or paper. The potencies of compost production in Bandung City are huge where over 65% as organic waste (Surakusumah). There are many techniques to make compost, varying from home-made reactors used by households to the large or complex reactors used by professional (Termorshuizen et al, 2005). In this program, the most appropriate is home made reactor because the scope and market target are small. For plastic, there is high potency in plastic waste where each day it can be reached Rp 102,600,000 (Rahardyan et al, 2007). In addition, Raihan and Damanhuri stated that there is economic potency in recycle industries, so this product (plastic and paper) is very beneficial to jama'ah. While, management of that waste is relatively easy because it's only needs separation method from other waste and then cleaning process. The market is always absorbs this product because there are 164 recycle actor who ready to receive that product (Raihan and Damanhuri). The prices of compost or other product are lower than prices market because this program is not profit oriented and its part of marketing strategy to attract new customer. Otherwise, the compost can be used around mosque area or in home to make that area greener than before.
III. Issues in MBSWM
In financial aspect, according to Grambauer (2010), economic sustainability in community-based waste management system can be reached in four years. This situation makes mosque based solid waste management needs assistance in financial sector to local government. Grambauer suggested that local government subsidy that project to cover the operating loss in the first three years of operation. This condition is related with UU No.18/2008 about waste management which mandated national or local government to facilitate recycling activity (paragraph 20).
Furthermore, before this concept implemented, several stages must be conducted to ensure that program will success in the future. The essential stage is prepares the capacity of jama'ah through education on waste management and hygiene (Mengistie and Baraki, 2010). However, as stated in Anschütz (1996), the most important social and management problems faced by community based waste management program emerge to be motivational issues and cooperation with local government. The problem may similar with mosque based solid waste management because jama'ah is part of community and also they have different interest to this program. But, with intensive education, motivation can be followed automatically (Zurbrügg and Ahmed, 1999).
IV. Future Opportunity
The case study of MBSWM implemented in particular area is required to test whether this concept run properly or not. But, with the number of Muslim communities is large in Bandung City and they famous as loyal to their religion, I have positive feeling that program will success. Of course it needs all stakeholders to run their task respectively and market support that program. If in one area that program success, it will be implemented to other area. As result, Bandung City only needs small area to landfill and there is no waste in the public facilities.
Furthermore, the welfare of communities or jama'ah is also rise because there is additional income from selling organic and an organic waste. As stated in Handayani (2008), in a community which is success in waste management, there is also increasing of positive behavior in environment sector. Communities realized that environment is their own responsibility, so the awareness of environment comes from them. Solidarity among communities is become stronger because this program makes them always connected and they have similar interest in waste management. In addition, Bandung City become greener because many household and slum area grow plants from compost their produce. Therefore, their environment is clean and good sanitation which influence their health level.
However, this program is also can be implemented in other religion facilities such as church, vihara, klenteng, etc. The point is how to encourage communities' awareness in environmental problem and increase their religious level.
