Leadership is an influencing approach between the leader and the followers which can be achieved by organization objectives accomplished change. There is no universal definition for a Leadership; it is complex process which can be studied in different situation. For this assignment I have selected a Sonia Gandhi as my leader, during the span of 11 years (1999~2010) due to her leadership skills that is bring her three times elected as the president of Congress party (though it is only two terms as party constitution) and later chairperson of UPA (United Progressive alliances). Twice she constrains to become a prime minister of India. A promenade from house wife to a president of congress party she is now one of the most powerful personality in the world. What is her leadership style and how effective she is in her leadership; there are pros and cons for her leadership capabilities which I am going to analyze in this assignment.
Background of Sonia Gandhi:
The world knew as "Sonia Gandhi" born on 9th December'1946 as a Edvige Antonia Albina Maino at Lusiana,Italy and grew up as older daughter of her parents. She lives a normal life in a Lusiana in Roman Catholic family and attended a catholic school (BBC News, 2009[1]). Her prosaicness began when their parents send her for study English at the "Bell educational trust" language school in the city of Cambridge where she meets Rajiv Gandhi in a Greek restaurant in 1965 (Glen Owen and Nick Meo, 2004[8]), where she was working and they fall in love at first sight. Rajiv Gandhi was enrolled as an engineering student at Trinity College at university of Cambridge. According to Peter Popham, 1999[4], across her father objection she went to India and got married in 1968 and move to her mother-in-law's house Indira Gandhi who was consider as "The First Lady" in India in those days. As her husband does not have any hunger for the politics but for the accidental killing of his brother sucked him into the politics in the year 1980 and the killing of his mother brings him in the apex office in 1984. Sonia Gandhi never coveted her husband in the politics albeit the vortex brings Rajiv in the politics, the affirmation for her defend was that she anticipations that her husband will be killed in same way as her mother had been. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 stays her away from the politics. According to Christopher Thomas, 1991[7], after her husband death in 1991 she made herself away from the Indian politics despite request by the congress leaders she refuse to stay away from the Indian politics. The request of the party members to Sonia Gandhi to join congress was because they believe that she can romp the power on the base of sympathy, and the party will plaster her image to get the sympathy vote from the people of India. According to Christopher Thomas, 1991[8] her husband was not a natural politician, but a polite, shy personality, he was a reluctant torch bearer for his party and after his death, Sonia Gandhi was offered that torch to enlightens the fate of congress party, who never have any interest in politics nor endeavored to act as a wielding any political powers. According to Daniel Lak, 1998[5] Sonia Gandhi joined congress party in 1998 because the integration of congress party was under threat and the resignation from many of the senior congress leaders from the past years anesthetize the congress party. She conceived her political career in 1998 from the same place where her husband was killed "Sriperumbudur "a place near Madras (Now Chennai), Tamil Nadu in India. According to Peter Phoham, 2004[6] she readout her speech partly in English and partly in Hindi, in her maiden speech in during 1999 election campaigns. The election was disastrous for the congress party not due to the lackluster of new leader but because of the congress has worn out its image due to the corruption, scandals, sharing of power internally and too arrogant to share the power with the smaller parties in the past which results congress party lost in the general election 1999, (Associated Press, 1999[10]). Some of the senior member condemning her Italian origin for one of the cause of party defeat in the election of 1999, an uprising situation within her party. After the defeat of 1999 general election and the rebellion against her in her party boosted her morale and she was listening of her inner voice. Next planning was to convalesce the unity and harmony in the party, she started surrogate strategically with the party members for the next election and the entry of her son in the politics boosts her command. She never appraises to become a prime minister but to strengthen the inner structure of the party (Luke Harding, 2000[9]). The entry of Sonia Gandhi and the defeat of congress party in 1999 election, critics of Sonia Gandhi leadership qualities, many of the party members do not have a trust on the new leader entails them to alliances with the rival party. They presume that she authority imitate like Indira Gandhi which was considered as an authoritarian style of leadership. According to Mark Ellis, 2004[24] During the 2004 election, her assiduous campaigning and due to her believe in her party magnetized crowds toward herself campaigning on the basic issues of water, electricity and sanitary made herself popular and helped to win the general election of 2004. According to Stephen khan, 2004[12] after a tremendous win on the general election of 2004 and despite the requested by the party members she leave aside the thrown and turned down the post of Prime Minister. Ultimately congress party selected Dr. Manmohan Singh as a Prime Minister of India in 2004. According to Michael Sheridan,2005[25] Dr. Manmohan Singh endures a brilliant economic reformer albeit the prosaic authority abided in the hand of Sonia Gandhi, Mr. Singh plan to open the Indian rigid economy and endeavored privatization albeit she vetoed them, there are some rivalries but both communicate with each other with complete understanding. Now her target was to win the general election of 2009, This time she introduces so many grandstand schemes for the poor person who includes the debt waiver for 30 million poor farmers, a massive job creation scheme for the rural unemployed peoples. According to Jeremy Page, 2008[26] the 225 million pound project of railway carriage can generate a ten thousand job opportunities for the rural peoples. The congress was talking about the welfare for the poor people but UPA Government led by Sonia Gandhi and the Mr. Singh also was watching the ascend of inflation. In the Year 2008 the inflation has rose to 7.8 % which abided the major alarm for the government. The Reserve Bank of India has a comfort level of five percent (Financial Times, 2008[27]) the acquisition for this is not lies on the short term monetary policies but for the long term promotion for agriculture productivity, energy efficiencies and the infrastructures for the transport systems. Meantime Congress under the leadership of Sonia Gandhi accumulated numerous actions to stop their rival opposition BJP party not to gain momentum of these situations of inflation. After above all analyses of the situation the question arises that what are her leadership's capabilities to stay in so long in a power and managed to be the most powerful women of the world at Forbes 2009 list. (Heidi Brown,2009[31])
Key Capabilities of Sonia Gandhi:
To analyze the key capabilities of Sonia Gandhi, we need to analyze how effective she is? To answer this question we need to educe the key capabilities which made her effective leader from 1999 onwards in Indian politics. According to Len Sperry, 2002 [28] "Effective leaders are those which are more concern for the needs of their organization and their community beyond their own needs. They are more concern for balancing personnel development for their follower and themselves." According to Kouzes and Posner, 2007[29] "a exemplary leader is those which clarify the values, set examples, leads by example, envision the future, search for opportunities, experiment and take risk, create the climate of trust, strengths their followers, recognize contributions and celebrate the values and victories. They conceive the climate to turn opportunities into success." According to Fielder and Chemers, 1974[30] analyze the performance of a leader in the situations in which they lead. They develop a frame work based on contingency theory in which leadership style are described as task motivated, those concern with reaching a goal and Relationship Motivated those concern with developing close interpersonal relationship. According to Christopher Early and Elaine Mosakowski, 2004, analyze the cultural intelligence in which a person understands the other person culture and later adjust accordingly. There are three sources for it cognitive, physical, and emotional. The person those are motivated, alert toward the problems and poised to understand can able to attain the acceptable Cultural intelligent.
Now I am going to analyze the strength and the weakness of Sonia Gandhi which will help to analyze her key capabilities of her leadership style:
Leadership Strength of Sonia Gandhi:
Sonia Gandhi has indubitably a transcendental leader style, when she joined the congress party there was lack of leadership, and this was the only possible way which she can restore the peace and harmony in the congress. The major attributes of her strengths are:
Ability to Learn from her mistake, the major defeat by opposition parties in election of 1999 that is allow her to learn her mistakes and help her party members to win the general election in 2004 and 2009.The Mistake which she made in the electoral battle of 1999 by standing herself as a prime minister candidate construed as an anti Hindu nationalist (Ray Marceleno, 2003[11]).
Sonia Gandhi is a Christian and to succeed Hindu dominated country like India she responded with circumspection and cunning by pilgrimage to Hindu sites. (The Independent, The (London, England)/Financial Times, 1999[2]).
Power and Position are not the aim for her life. After the astonishing victory in 2004, she turn down as a prime minister (Stephen Khan, 2004[12]).
Sonia Gandhi is more courageous torchbearer in the Nehrudynasty. Build the Party Image, after astonishing Victory twice in Indian History; she is indirectly serving the country (James Lamount, 2009[13]).
Sonia Gandhi was the architect of the congress party help to win the election in 2004. She motivated demoralized party into a compiling zeal and defeats the Hindu nationalist party in the general election (James Lamont, 2008[14]).
She has a good Communication skills, a person mould herself from Italian origin to Indian land is one of the difficult task, as meeting with people in village where Hindi is the only source of language and her work on her language skills and win the election twice.
She has a good negotiating capabilities, After the general election of 2004, she negotiated with the secular parties to conciliate the secular front to successfully formed the government (Irish Times, 2004[15]).
She is a very hard working person, her spirited campaign in the sweltering heat for her party, and the wining in the election proves that she has not been handicapped despite others believe in her Italian Heritage.(David Orr, 2004[19]).
The selection of Dr. Manmohan Singh for the second time in 2009 as a prime minister candidate without any internal debates show her strength for power and control over the government.(Economist Intelligence Unit Views Wire News Analysis (England),2008[17].
Leadership Weakness of Sonia Gandhi:
There are many instance of Sonia Gandhi leadership weaknesses, one instance is that the entry of his son Rahul Gandhi in the Indian politics. At one side he is strength for her but otherwise it conceives a feeling of nepotism which is a leadership weakness and the entire party member is treating him as a future prime minister.
Some time power and position control by others make so many wrong decision. She denies the prime minister seat and put in place her trusted Dr. Manmohan Singh to the prime minister seat but indirectly controlling all the decision for the prime minister post. The nuclear deal between Indian and America are one good example for this. (Economic Intelligence unit View Wire News Analysis (England), 2007[16]).
The turn down from the prime minister post also show her weakness of fear to get assassinated. Her mother-in law and her husband was assassinated during their highest office in India. The fear to get assignation might be one of the reason for her to turn down the post of Prime minister (Newsletter (Belfast, Northern Ireland), 2004[18]).
She has pointed out so many problems. If government overcomes this entire problem can be able to make better India, but till now government has not yet started to work on these projects. This shows that as a leader she identifies the problem with no solution. This is also one of her fragility. (Financial Times, 2006[20]).
During her span of 11 years of leadership as a President of congress party and the Remote control of Prime Minister Post directly and indirectly has effected India. The inflation is highest of all time in India; corruption has romp the country with various scam, the Naxalite (A rebel group) is reaping all over the country. The terrorists are targeting the country from all over, Mumbai terrorist attack is the good example for failure of Indian intelligent agency, Supreme Court (The Apex court in India) now question Dr. Manmohan Singh for his ineffectiveness as a prime minister. Above all discussions show her ineffectiveness of her leadership style directly and indirectly.
Analysis of Leadership capabilities and style of Sonia Gandhi:
To analyze the different capabilities of Sonia Gandhi, first we need to understand the characteristic of Her Leadership Style:
She is more concentrated on a social cause.
She is more dedicated to her Husband dream to build a modern India.
She is devoted towards the Congress party and especially depends on the party decision.
When working alone she is more dedicated towards her husband's and the Mother in-laws cause in her mind to her safety and agreement.
Sonia Gandhi attributes transcendental leadership style of Reward e.g., many of the followers getting position in ministry of government formation likes Dr. Manmohan Singh as a Prime minister as two consecutive Period, P.Chitabaram as a Union Minister of Home Affair and many others get reward in term of position and money and punishments to them if they do not acquiesce to them in terms of recent News of replacement of chief minister of
Maharashtra Mr.Chavan and Mr. Suresh Kalmadi CEO of Common Wealth Game.
According to D.Golleman, 2001[23], "Extraordinary leader has different way of directing their group, some of them are analytical, others are charismatic and can go with their bowels. Their leadership type depends on the situation." The effective leader has the high degree of emotional intelligence. It is a kind of sin quo non for a leadership. The emotional intelligence not only distinguishes from extraordinary leader but also link to outstanding performance. Research also proves that the right approach can develop their emotional intelligent. Thus to analyze the Sonia Gandhi emotional intelligent with the five components at works are as follow:
Self Awareness: This are the capabilities of a person for primitivist self assessment. Sonia Gandhi has a high self awareness as she knows that her Italian nationality will effect if she goes for the prime minister post, it was also her self-awareness that she will be targeted like husband and her mother in-law if she will stay in the highest office.
Self Regulation: This abides the ability of self control. As Sonia Gandhi has a high self control as one of the reason for her success. There are many instances where her Italian birth created a problem but with her trustworthiness and integrity she architects the party situation and make strong in the general election for 2004 and 2009. With the self control she makes a place in the heart of all Indian and proves that she is loyal to the country and her party.
Motivation: It abides a passion beyond money and status to achieve success. Sonia Gandhi is highly motivated with her party, during the general election for 2004 she attended three to four companying in a day. When the future of the party was in danger she joins the party and her passion to success and believe in the people, analysis to the basic problem helped party to win the election.
Empathy: This abides the ability to understand the emotion of the others people. In term of Sonia Gandhi this empathy is lacking somewhere, despite the party member request to become the Prime minister she listens to her inner voice.
Social Skills: This is the ability of a person to make friendliness and pursue to move in their direction. It is building and leading a team. The above three component which includes self awareness, self regulation and motivation are all about the self managerial skills and the other two components of empathy and social skill is more about the people's ability to manage the team. But the control of Sonia on the party is more than the social skills; in a sense it is to say that it is a respect as a "torchbearer" of Nehru Dynasty in the party as a member than the friendliness which peruses them to achieve their objective.
Conclusion:
The above evidence of Sonia Gandhi leadership style deem that some time situation can develops a leadership quality in spite it abides not your birth palace, sometime the vortex can catapults into the politics and you adhere to authority it effectively. The indistinguishable situation abides with Sonia Gandhi in which she initiated as a leader for Congress, a country in which Hindi is the First language. A country which is dominated by the Hindu's and a person is of Christian embryo. A country having one of the obscure democracy in the world, embraces an obligation on her Italian emergence, The agony of assassination of her mother in-law as well as her husband when they were at their apex authority of the country which was not an easy task but with her charismatic style she driven it. The foyer of her in the politics and disastrous lost of her party in that election, rebel against her in the party, assume of few of the party member that she might be imitate as a Indira Gandhi which abided consider as an authoritarian style of leadership qualities. A lady who abides treated as sphinx after the marriage till the death of her husband was a difficult campaign to command a grand party likes Congress. Despite so many complexities, lack of experience, she was motivated with her husband dream and decided not to give up so adroitly. She is able to control and learn from the passed mistake, effectively respond with the situation and with her transcendental leadership style she architects the Congress party and shows a new direction to the country with her leadership qualities. She proves herself as a tangible Indian. albeit the entry of her son one side accrue her political barter albeit same time it is a feeling of nepotism factor toward her son. Also the nuclear deal with USA is one of her weakness which will effect the development of the country in future felt by opposition parties especially the communists. According to Len Sperry, 2002 effective leader is those which can balance the personnel development in their followers and themselves. Effective leaders have a high degree of emotional intelligence of five components at works research by D.Goleman, 2001.
Sonia Gandhi has the high degree of self awareness, self regulation and motivation but she is lacking in empathy and social skills which are a very considerable for her as an effective leadership
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