Where there is matching material, is there a sufficient amount to indicate that the Writer has taken the material from a source, or is it just a fragment?
If the Writer has taken material from a source, have they properly referenced it? If you do not see a reference, check your original document in case there is a footnote that Viper has not detected.
Viper will show a match where there is a string of 5 or more words that are the same as your work. So it will identify fragments that match, which are not necessarily plagiarism. It is important that Viper does not ignore these fragments as they draw your attention to any sentences where the writer has 'rephrased' parts of the original material (keeping the initial structure) without giving due credit.
Sometimes, Viper will identify matching material that is available on websites, but which the Writer may have actually taken from somewhere else (and given proper credit for). So the fact that the work has content which matches a particular website does not mean the Writer has used that website. They may have obtained the material from another source.
Viper checks for direct quotes - i.e. material included in quotation marks "like this". It will give you an overall percentage of words it thinks are direct quotes. Clearly, this should not be too high as work that relies too heavily on other material is not 'original'. You should also check that all the direct quotes in your paper have actually been referenced by the Writer.
Overall Plagiarism Rating
This is a general indication of how much matching content the scan found in your work.
As a guide:
Overall plagiarism rating 6% or less :
Highly unlikely to contain plagiarised material. A careful check will only be necessary if this is a lengthy piece (a finding of 6% in a 15,000 word essay, for example, would be of greater concern!)
Overall plagiarism rating 6 - 12% :
Low risk of containing any plagiarised material. Most of the matching content will probably be fragments. Review your report for any sections that may not have been referenced properly.
Overall plagiarism rating 13 - 20% :
Medium risk of containing any plagiarised material. There may be sections that match websites - you need to make sure that the Writer has given proper credit for these. The scan may not have detected quotation marks or footnotes that the writer has used (for example, if they have used an opening quotation mark but failed to close it) which could explain the higher result. Check carefully.
Overall plagiarism rating 21%+ :
High risk of containing plagiarised material. If the overall rating is this high, you need to check your report very carefully. Don't panic - it may just be that there are a lot of matching fragments and the software has not identified all direct quotes (for example, because the Writer has used open inverted commas and not properly closed them, or has used an apostrophe rather than inverted commas for quotes. But you should go through the report very carefully to check that this is the case.
Report for 'IT TESTING IN MEDICAL DOMAIN.doc'
Overall content match: 28%
Direct quotes: 0% of which 0% found online.
Actual content match minus quotes: 28%
IT TESTING IN MEDICAL DOMAIN
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
The main objective of research in this project is related to the importance of IT in medical domain. This also includes how the BPO uses information technology in order to provide medical services to its clients in different countries. The main focus of research will be IT based medical services catering to international market. There are formal and informal processes of IT testing in medical domain. In the contemporary business environment, organizations are in constant state of competition. Because of this, the need for the organizations to continuously enhance their performance has never been greater. To cope up with this challenge, a company must understand the in-depth knowledge of dynamic business environment. The globalization and liberalization ha enormously expanded the business opportunities.
The most important factor which is controlling and changing people's life is technology. Technology has created wonder. Man can realize its dream of walking in the moon, travelling in spaceships, and go to the other side of the globe within few hours. They have started dreaming of living of much extended life of hundreds years with the latest development of genetic sciences and technology.
Technology has changed the way people communicate with the advent of internet and telecommunication system. Technology has changed the ways of how business operates now. This is leading to many new business opportunities as well as making obsolete many existing systems. The following factors are to be considered for the technological environment:
The pull of technological change
Opportunities arising out of technological innovation
Risk and uncertainty of technological development
Role of R & D in a country and government's R & D budget.
Figure: Interface between business and Technology
Technology can act as both opportunity and threat to a business. It can act as opportunity as business can take advantage of adopting technological innovations to their strategic advantage. However, at the same time technology can act as threat if organizations are not able to adopt it to their advantage. For example, an innovative and modern production system can act as threat if the business is not able to change their production system. New entrants can always use availability of technological improvements or production methods that can be a threat to a business.
As the economy is growing, there is more need to maintain databases. Databases play an important role in business, engineering, medicine, law, education, library, science etc. also the medical transcription facility is also provided by BPO. BPO is also referred to as ITES- information technology enabled services. Since most of the business processes include some of automation, IT enables these services to be performed. BPO is as old as business itself. Businesses have outsourced their distribution or marketing to third parties for centuries. The roadmap for outsourcing success has been laid with:
Quality processes
Scalability
Integration of global markets
Seamless global delivery of work across borders through the internet
Now the medical transcription work is related to …
Students Paper:
… related to writing down medical records dictated by physicians and other healthcare professionals. These records include patient history and physical reports, clinic notes, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, discharge summaries etc. so all …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… transcription is writing down medical records dictated by physicians and other healthcare professionals. These records include patient history and physical reports, clinic notes, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, discharge summaries, etc.
Payroll maintenance …
… . so all these records are to be maintained in databases and thus require the use of IT in the useful manner. Also there are different processes which are to be followed for every activity and the data is to be maintained in that order only. …
Students Paper:
… order only. Document process outsourcing includes outsourcing of customer facing, technical, marketing and communications, financial accounting and regulatory compliance documents.
Biotechnologies have …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… DPO.pdf
Document process outsourcing
includes outsourcing of customer facing, technical, marketing and communications, financial accounting, and regulatory compliance documents.
Finance and …
… .
Biotechnologies have fueled a boom in molecular medical research. Some techniques, such as genome-wide analysis, produce large volumes of data without the sampling bias that a purposive selection of study factors might produce. Such datasets are thus more wide ranging and unselected than conventional experimental measurements. Important biases can still arise from artifacts in the biotechnical processing of samples and data, but these are likely to decrease as the technologies improve. A greater concern is the systematic error that lies outside the data landscape-for example, in a metabolomic analysis that is confounded by not considering the time of day or the elapsed time from the most recent meal to when the sample was taken. The integration of different scales of data, from molecular-level to population-level variables, and different levels of directness of measurement of factors is a grand challenge for data-intensive health science. When realistically complex multi-scale models are available, the next challenge will be to make them accessible to clinicians and patients, who together can evaluate the competing risks of different options for personalizing treatment.
Companies also …
Students Paper:
… Companies also require data and its analysis for making informed decision strategic decisions. These companies have started outsourcing their research and analytics requirements to vendors who specialize in typical research and analysis work such data analytics, financial analytics, market research, secondary research, industry overview …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… administration, etc.
Research and analysis: Companies require data and its analysis for making informed strategic decisions. These companies have started outsourcing their research and analysis requirements to vendors who specialize in typical research and analysis work such data analytics, financial analytics, market research, secondary research, primary research …
… , industry overview and competitive intelligence etc.
Electronic Health Records
Healthcare organizations around the world, in both low- and high resource settings, are deploying EHRs. At the community level, EHRs can be used to manage healthcare services, monitor the public's health, and support research. Furthermore, the social benefits of EHRs may be greater from such population-level uses than from individual care uses.
The use of standard terms and ontologies in EHRs is increasing the structure of healthcare data, but clinical coding behavior introduces new potential biases. For example, the introduction of incentives for primary care professionals to tackle particular conditions may lead to fluctuations in the amount of coding of new cases of those conditions. On the other hand, the falling cost of devices for remote monitoring and near-patient testing is leading to more capture of objective measures in EHRs, which can provide less biased signals but may create the illusion of an increase in disease prevalence simply due to more data becoming available.
Some patients are beginning to access and supplement their own records oredit a parallel health record online. The stewardship of future health recordsmay indeed be more with individuals (patients/citizens/consumers) and communities (families/local populations etc.) than with healthcare organizations. In summary, the use of EHRs is producing more data-intensive healthcare environments in which substantially more data are captured and transferred digitally. Computational thinking and models of healthcare to apply to this wealth of data, however, have scarcely been developed.
Impact of IT in medical services:
Cost savings
Reduced head count
Improved quality
Building strong presence in a new market/foreign country
Increased focus on core competencies
Building business value and strategic differentiation
Helps in maintaining databases
Outsourcing process in Procurement
Objectives of the study:
The objective of the project is to find out:-
How the BPO industry uses IT for medical domain
Whether the KPO can also go into this field
What are the IT processes involved in this field
How the database maintained by all these companies who are involved in this business
How they improve their quality
Find out different companies who are involved in the business of medical transcription
Showing the impact of IT on the medical services
Scope of the study:
The Scope of the Research study includes the Geographic & Demographic region of Delhi.
The Sample of 25 was taken from the customers of Delhi who have an opinion about the medical services provided by different companies and then comparing the IT services of different companies so that we can chose from the research that which is the best IT service provider of these medical services.
Limitations:
The biggest constraint to this survey is the time element.
There were lots of difficulties in getting the data from the customers.
Survey demands more time but the survey is restricted to less time. But utmost care was taken to maintain the quality aspect in the data.
Though there has been chance for basis, the investigator has taken all steps for the reduction of bias.
The figures have been taken as approximations
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Some of the important and related literatures are reviewed and the main cruxes of them are as follows:
Khan et al. used decision trees to extract clinical reasoning in the form of medical expert's actions that are inherent in a large number of electronic medical records. The extracted data could be used to teach students of oral medicine a number of orderly processes for dealing with patients with different problems depending on time. Yun utilized a C4.5 algorithm to build a decision tree in order to discover the critical causes of type II diabetes. She has learned about the illness regularity from diabetes data, and has generated a set of rules for diabetes diagnosis and prediction.
Abdullah et al. adopted an association algorithm to find the relationship between diagnosis and prescription. They stated that purchases and medical bills have much in common. Therefore, the Apriori algorithm was useful to figure out large item sets and to generate association rules in medical billing data.
Tan et al. used the Apriori algorithm to mine the rules for the compatibility of drugs from prescriptions to cure arrhythmia in the traditional Chinese medicine database. The experimental results showed that the drug compatibility obtained by the Apriori algorithm is generally consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine for that disease.
Ceglowski et al. discovered `treatment pathways' through mining medical treatment procedures in the emergency department. They found that the workload in the emergency department varies depending on the number of presented patients, and is not affected by the type of procedure carried out.
Delphine et al.'s has presented a complementary perspective on the activities of the emergency department for specific patient groups: over 75 year old and under 75 year old patients. She thought once validated, these views would be used as decision support tools for delivering better care to this population. Lin et al. found a way to raise the accuracy of triage through mining abnormal diagnostic practices in the triage. A two-stage cluster analysis (Ward's method, K-means) and a decision tree analysis were performed on 501 abnormal diagnoses done in an emergency department.
Bushan has said that a clinical team is auditing the care outcomes for patients with chronic angina. Subtly different treatment plans of care are common, such as different levels of investigation and treatment in primary care before referral to specialist care. A typical clinical audit approach might debate the treatment plan, consult literature, examine simple summary statistics, generate some hypotheses, and perhaps test the hypotheses using simple regression models. An alternative machine learning approach might construct a graphical model of the assumed treatment plan, via debate and reference to the literature, and compare this with discovered network topologies in datasets reflecting patient outcomes. Plausible networks might then be used to simulate the potential effects of changes to clinical practice by running scenarios that change edge weights in the underlying graphs. Thus the families of associations in locally relevant data can be combined with evidence from the literature in a scenario-planning activity that involves clinical reasoning and machine learning.
Bronzino has said in his book that artificial intelligence and its use in the development of medical decision systems with clinical application. The methodological basis for expert systems and artificial neural networks in the medical domain is discussed. This is one aspect of the growing field of medical or health informatics, the application of engineering, computer and information sciences to problems in health and life sciences. It intentionally omits specific computer hardware and software details related to currently available systems because they continue to change as technology changes and are likely to be outdated.
Randolph A. Miller has proposed that the bottom line in evaluating clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) should be "whether the user plus the system is better than the unaided user with respect to a specified task" [Miller, 1996]
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
India has won its spurs as the world's outsourcing destination of choice. Currently the country has commanding share of the global outsourcing market. The union communications and information technology ministry in india states that the Indian IT- BPO sector is likely to achieve a target of USD 60 billion in export revenues by 2010.
Evolution of BPO industry in India
India's BPO industry has evolved and matured to present higher end services that require judgment - based analysis and domain expertise, rather than function specific, rules based performance parameters alone. As service providers strive to offer end to end services, we see BPO falling into different segments. At one end of the spectrum is the traditional rules based transactional outsourcing while at the other end is judgment based transaction processing and full service business outsourcing.
India has competencies in all the segments. Some BPO service providers have developed vendor centrc business models where they offer specialized services under one roof by representing the services of multiple specializing in different verticals. Others are niche players that have adopted vertical specific models to address the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or insurance.
…
Students Paper:
… or insurance.
BPO Trends
The BPO industry is developing sector and is being studied by analysts and researchers all over the world. Analysts tracking BPO have observed the following trends in the industry.
The BPO market worldwide is expanding with new services getting added to the list of business processes that are outsourced and new locations coming up as potential offshore destinations, india being …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… is a developing sector and is being studied by analysts and researchers all over the world. Analysts tracking BPO have observed the following trends in the industry:
The BPO market worldwide is expanding with new services getting added to the list of business processes that are outsourced and new locations coming up as potential offshore destinations,
http://www …
… …
Students Paper:
… as potential offshore destinations, india being the most preferred destination for offshore BPO.
Cost savings is one of the most important drivers now. Information security, execution capability and financial stability are important considerations while selecting a vendor.
Benefits of …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… report.php
India being the most preferred destination for offshore BPO
.
Cost savings is one of the most important drivers now. Information security, execution capability and financial stability are important considerations while selecting a vendor.
According to …
… .
Benefits of IT in BPO
…
Students Paper:
… in BPO
Robust IT and telecommunications infrastructure: the developments in IT and telecommunications infrastructure has enabled companies to transfer data to any place in the world instantaneously at a very …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… external drivers:
Robust IT and telecommunications infrastructure: The developments in IT and telecommunications infrastructure has enabled companies to transfer data to any place in the world instantaneously at very little …
… a very little …
Students Paper:
… very little cost. The infrastructure also allows them to increase their ROI and shareholder value.
Pressure to lower costs: companies are facing huge competition from their competitors to provide better services, and at the same time lower their costs. Companies are constantly innovating the way they are conducting the businesses and BPO allows them to partner with external specialized vendors for efiicient operations …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… cost. This infrastructure also allows them to increase their ROI and shareholder value.
Pressure to lower costs: Companies are facing huge competition from their competitors to provide better services, and at the same time lower their costs. Companies are constantly innovating the way they are conducting businesses and BPO allows them to partner with external specialized vendors for efficient operations …
… efiicient …
Students Paper:
… for efiicient operations. Offshore BPO is cheaper than onshore BPO and many companies are now moving their operations to offshore locations, india being the most preferred destination.
Little infrastructure for automation: the IT revolution has not achieved success in automating business processes and most of the business processes still need human labor for productive delivery. In such a scenario, resorting to BPO, which provides human labor at a lower cost, enables companies to maximize their ROI.
Limitations of …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… for efficient operations. Offshore BPO is cheaper than onshore BPO and many companies are now moving their operations to offshore locations, India being the most preferred destination.
Little infrastructure for automation: The IT revolution has not achieved success in automating business processes and most of the business processes still need human labor for productive delivery. In such a scenario, resorting to BPO, which provides human labor at a lower cost, enables companies to maximize their ROI.
The perceived
http …
… .
Limitations of BPO
…
Students Paper:
… of BPO
Loss of control: companies perceive the risk of losing control over the operations of their processes. Also, if the employees in …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… described below:
Loss of control: Companies perceive the risk of losing control over the operations of their processes. Also, if the (trained) employees …
… …
Students Paper:
… processes. Also, if the employees in the vendor firm leave the job, the buyer may be at risk.
Financial instability of the vendor: if the vendor becomes financially unstable in some years, the buyer will have to search another vendor; the operations being at risk, if it does not search the new vendor fast.
Loss of expertise: customers may lose the expertise and knowledge of carrying out the outsourced processes with time.
Data security: data confidential to the customer may be prone to theft if the vendor firm does not have stringent security policies
Indian BPO …
http://www.chnsourcing.com/article/Article/abc/64620070429113809.html
… the (trained) employees in the vendor firm leave the job, the buyer may be at risk.
Financial instability of the vendor: If the vendor becomes financially unstable in some years, the buyer will have to search another vendor; the operations being at risk, if it does not search the new vendor fast.
Loss of expertise: Customers may lose the expertise and knowledge of carrying out the outsourced processes with time.
Data security: Data confidential to the customer may be prone to theft if the vendor firm does not have stringent security policies.
ÿ
Previous …
…
Indian BPO Sector: Key Trends
Increasing maturity: the industry is rapidly gaining maturity and consolidation, following a large number of mergers and acquisitions during 2002/03. The trends towards maturity has been escalated by the entry of traditional IT services players, which have added the ITES- BPO portfolio to their existing offerings in order to provide customers with a complete umbrella of end to end services. The idea is to leverage the synergies between their ITES- BPO operations and the IT services offerings.
Growth in multiple vendor and BOT contracts: the Indian ITES-BPO industry is witnessing an increase in multi vendor and build operate transfer contracts which offer customers advantages such as low risks, scalability and competitive pricing.
Expansion of the services footprint: Indian ITES- BPO vendors are expanding the spectrum of their service offering in client locations and even setting up facilities in other low cost ITES- BPO destinations such as china and the Philippines, in order to tap these markets.
Higher value added offerings: a number of Indian ITES- BPO vendors …
Students Paper:
… BPO vendors are moving up the value chain to offer high end services such as …
http://www.outsource2india.com/why_india/articles/BPO-india.asp
… Indian BPOs are moving up the value chain to offer higher-end services, end-to-end business process …
… such as equity research and analytics, insurance, and technology support and development.
Vendor polarization: growth within the ITES- BPO segment is becoming centred around the larger players that can offer clients benefits such as scalability, delivery capability, track record, customer referrals etc. Industry observers believe that by 2005 the Indian BPO industry will have 8 to 10 US $ 100 million third party BPO companies. This will give companies a critical mass to compete against multinationals such as EDS, Computer Sciences Corporation and Accenture. Further, it gives prospective clients enough confidence to trust them with larger contracts.
Expanding capacity: the Indian ITES-BPO industry, including MNC, and third party service providers have been expending their capacities during 2002 - 2004. The number of seats has increased from 1,40,000 at the end of march 2003 to around 210,000 in march 2004. Captive units account for almost 65 - 70% of the existing capacity.
IT testing in medical domain
Running Head: IT Testing in medical Domain
Figure: Interface between Business and technology
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Master document text
IT TESTING IN MEDICAL DOMAIN
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
The main objective of research in this project is related to the importance of IT in medical domain. This also includes how the BPO uses information technology in order to provide medical services to its clients in different countries. The main focus of research will be IT based medical services catering to international market. There are formal and informal processes of IT testing in medical domain. In the contemporary business environment, organizations are in constant state of competition. Because of this, the need for the organizations to continuously enhance their performance has never been greater. To cope up with this challenge, a company must understand the in-depth knowledge of dynamic business environment. The globalization and liberalization ha enormously expanded the business opportunities.
The most important factor which is controlling and changing people's life is technology. Technology has created wonder. Man can realize its dream of walking in the moon, travelling in spaceships, and go to the other side of the globe within few hours. They have started dreaming of living of much extended life of hundreds years with the latest development of genetic sciences and technology.
Technology has changed the way people communicate with the advent of internet and telecommunication system. Technology has changed the ways of how business operates now. This is leading to many new business opportunities as well as making obsolete many existing systems. The following factors are to be considered for the technological environment:
The pull of technological change
Opportunities arising out of technological innovation
Risk and uncertainty of technological development
Role of R & D in a country and government's R & D budget.
Figure: Interface between business and Technology
Technology can act as both opportunity and threat to a business. It can act as opportunity as business can take advantage of adopting technological innovations to their strategic advantage. However, at the same time technology can act as threat if organizations are not able to adopt it to their advantage. For example, an innovative and modern production system can act as threat if the business is not able to change their production system. New entrants can always use availability of technological improvements or production methods that can be a threat to a business.
As the economy is growing, there is more need to maintain databases. Databases play an important role in business, engineering, medicine, law, education, library, science etc. also the medical transcription facility is also provided by BPO. BPO is also referred to as ITES- information technology enabled services. Since most of the business processes include some of automation, IT enables these services to be performed. BPO is as old as business itself. Businesses have outsourced their distribution or marketing to third parties for centuries. The roadmap for outsourcing success has been laid with:
Quality processes
Scalability
Integration of global markets
Seamless global delivery of work across borders through the internet
Now the medical transcription work is related to writing down medical records dictated by physicians and other healthcare professionals. These records include patient history and physical reports, clinic notes, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, discharge summaries etc. so all these records are to be maintained in databases and thus require the use of IT in the useful manner. Also there are different processes which are to be followed for every activity and the data is to be maintained in that order only. Document process outsourcing includes outsourcing of customer facing, technical, marketing and communications, financial accounting and regulatory compliance documents.
Biotechnologies have fueled a boom in molecular medical research. Some techniques, such as genome-wide analysis, produce large volumes of data without the sampling bias that a purposive selection of study factors might produce. Such datasets are thus more wide ranging and unselected than conventional experimental measurements. Important biases can still arise from artifacts in the biotechnical processing of samples and data, but these are likely to decrease as the technologies improve. A greater concern is the systematic error that lies outside the data landscape-for example, in a metabolomic analysis that is confounded by not considering the time of day or the elapsed time from the most recent meal to when the sample was taken. The integration of different scales of data, from molecular-level to population-level variables, and different levels of directness of measurement of factors is a grand challenge for data-intensive health science. When realistically complex multi-scale models are available, the next challenge will be to make them accessible to clinicians and patients, who together can evaluate the competing risks of different options for personalizing treatment.
Companies also require data and its analysis for making informed decision strategic decisions. These companies have started outsourcing their research and analytics requirements to vendors who specialize in typical research and analysis work such data analytics, financial analytics, market research, secondary research, industry overview and competitive intelligence etc.
Electronic Health Records
Healthcare organizations around the world, in both low- and high resource settings, are deploying EHRs. At the community level, EHRs can be used to manage healthcare services, monitor the public's health, and support research. Furthermore, the social benefits of EHRs may be greater from such population-level uses than from individual care uses.
The use of standard terms and ontologies in EHRs is increasing the structure of healthcare data, but clinical coding behavior introduces new potential biases. For example, the introduction of incentives for primary care professionals to tackle particular conditions may lead to fluctuations in the amount of coding of new cases of those conditions. On the other hand, the falling cost of devices for remote monitoring and near-patient testing is leading to more capture of objective measures in EHRs, which can provide less biased signals but may create the illusion of an increase in disease prevalence simply due to more data becoming available.
Some patients are beginning to access and supplement their own records oredit a parallel health record online. The stewardship of future health recordsmay indeed be more with individuals (patients/citizens/consumers) and communities (families/local populations etc.) than with healthcare organizations. In summary, the use of EHRs is producing more data-intensive healthcare environments in which substantially more data are captured and transferred digitally. Computational thinking and models of healthcare to apply to this wealth of data, however, have scarcely been developed.
Impact of IT in medical services:
Cost savings
Reduced head count
Improved quality
Building strong presence in a new market/foreign country
Increased focus on core competencies
Building business value and strategic differentiation
Helps in maintaining databases
Outsourcing process in Procurement
Objectives of the study:
The objective of the project is to find out:-
How the BPO industry uses IT for medical domain
Whether the KPO can also go into this field
What are the IT processes involved in this field
How the database maintained by all these companies who are involved in this business
How they improve their quality
Find out different companies who are involved in the business of medical transcription
Showing the impact of IT on the medical services
Scope of the study:
The Scope of the Research study includes the Geographic & Demographic region of Delhi.
The Sample of 25 was taken from the customers of Delhi who have an opinion about the medical services provided by different companies and then comparing the IT services of different companies so that we can chose from the research that which is the best IT service provider of these medical services.
Limitations:
The biggest constraint to this survey is the time element.
There were lots of difficulties in getting the data from the customers.
Survey demands more time but the survey is restricted to less time. But utmost care was taken to maintain the quality aspect in the data.
Though there has been chance for basis, the investigator has taken all steps for the reduction of bias.
The figures have been taken as approximations
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Some of the important and related literatures are reviewed and the main cruxes of them are as follows:
Khan et al. used decision trees to extract clinical reasoning in the form of medical expert's actions that are inherent in a large number of electronic medical records. The extracted data could be used to teach students of oral medicine a number of orderly processes for dealing with patients with different problems depending on time. Yun utilized a C4.5 algorithm to build a decision tree in order to discover the critical causes of type II diabetes. She has learned about the illness regularity from diabetes data, and has generated a set of rules for diabetes diagnosis and prediction.
Abdullah et al. adopted an association algorithm to find the relationship between diagnosis and prescription. They stated that purchases and medical bills have much in common. Therefore, the Apriori algorithm was useful to figure out large item sets and to generate association rules in medical billing data.
Tan et al. used the Apriori algorithm to mine the rules for the compatibility of drugs from prescriptions to cure arrhythmia in the traditional Chinese medicine database. The experimental results showed that the drug compatibility obtained by the Apriori algorithm is generally consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine for that disease.
Ceglowski et al. discovered `treatment pathways' through mining medical treatment procedures in the emergency department. They found that the workload in the emergency department varies depending on the number of presented patients, and is not affected by the type of procedure carried out.
Delphine et al.'s has presented a complementary perspective on the activities of the emergency department for specific patient groups: over 75 year old and under 75 year old patients. She thought once validated, these views would be used as decision support tools for delivering better care to this population. Lin et al. found a way to raise the accuracy of triage through mining abnormal diagnostic practices in the triage. A two-stage cluster analysis (Ward's method, K-means) and a decision tree analysis were performed on 501 abnormal diagnoses done in an emergency department.
Bushan has said that a clinical team is auditing the care outcomes for patients with chronic angina. Subtly different treatment plans of care are common, such as different levels of investigation and treatment in primary care before referral to specialist care. A typical clinical audit approach might debate the treatment plan, consult literature, examine simple summary statistics, generate some hypotheses, and perhaps test the hypotheses using simple regression models. An alternative machine learning approach might construct a graphical model of the assumed treatment plan, via debate and reference to the literature, and compare this with discovered network topologies in datasets reflecting patient outcomes. Plausible networks might then be used to simulate the potential effects of changes to clinical practice by running scenarios that change edge weights in the underlying graphs. Thus the families of associations in locally relevant data can be combined with evidence from the literature in a scenario-planning activity that involves clinical reasoning and machine learning.
Bronzino has said in his book that artificial intelligence and its use in the development of medical decision systems with clinical application. The methodological basis for expert systems and artificial neural networks in the medical domain is discussed. This is one aspect of the growing field of medical or health informatics, the application of engineering, computer and information sciences to problems in health and life sciences. It intentionally omits specific computer hardware and software details related to currently available systems because they continue to change as technology changes and are likely to be outdated.
Randolph A. Miller has proposed that the bottom line in evaluating clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) should be "whether the user plus the system is better than the unaided user with respect to a specified task" [Miller, 1996]
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
India has won its spurs as the world's outsourcing destination of choice. Currently the country has commanding share of the global outsourcing market. The union communications and information technology ministry in india states that the Indian IT- BPO sector is likely to achieve a target of USD 60 billion in export revenues by 2010.
Evolution of BPO industry in India
India's BPO industry has evolved and matured to present higher end services that require judgment - based analysis and domain expertise, rather than function specific, rules based performance parameters alone. As service providers strive to offer end to end services, we see BPO falling into different segments. At one end of the spectrum is the traditional rules based transactional outsourcing while at the other end is judgment based transaction processing and full service business outsourcing.
India has competencies in all the segments. Some BPO service providers have developed vendor centrc business models where they offer specialized services under one roof by representing the services of multiple specializing in different verticals. Others are niche players that have adopted vertical specific models to address the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or insurance.
BPO Trends
The BPO industry is developing sector and is being studied by analysts and researchers all over the world. Analysts tracking BPO have observed the following trends in the industry.
The BPO market worldwide is expanding with new services getting added to the list of business processes that are outsourced and new locations coming up as potential offshore destinations, india being the most preferred destination for offshore BPO.
Cost savings is one of the most important drivers now. Information security, execution capability and financial stability are important considerations while selecting a vendor.
Benefits of IT in BPO
Robust IT and telecommunications infrastructure: the developments in IT and telecommunications infrastructure has enabled companies to transfer data to any place in the world instantaneously at a very little cost. The infrastructure also allows them to increase their ROI and shareholder value.
Pressure to lower costs: companies are facing huge competition from their competitors to provide better services, and at the same time lower their costs. Companies are constantly innovating the way they are conducting the businesses and BPO allows them to partner with external specialized vendors for efiicient operations. Offshore BPO is cheaper than onshore BPO and many companies are now moving their operations to offshore locations, india being the most preferred destination.
Little infrastructure for automation: the IT revolution has not achieved success in automating business processes and most of the business processes still need human labor for productive delivery. In such a scenario, resorting to BPO, which provides human labor at a lower cost, enables companies to maximize their ROI.
Limitations of BPO
Loss of control: companies perceive the risk of losing control over the operations of their processes. Also, if the employees in the vendor firm leave the job, the buyer may be at risk.
Financial instability of the vendor: if the vendor becomes financially unstable in some years, the buyer will have to search another vendor; the operations being at risk, if it does not search the new vendor fast.
Loss of expertise: customers may lose the expertise and knowledge of carrying out the outsourced processes with time.
Data security: data confidential to the customer may be prone to theft if the vendor firm does not have stringent security policies
Indian BPO Sector: Key Trends
Increasing maturity: the industry is rapidly gaining maturity and consolidation, following a large number of mergers and acquisitions during 2002/03. The trends towards maturity has been escalated by the entry of traditional IT services players, which have added the ITES- BPO portfolio to their existing offerings in order to provide customers with a complete umbrella of end to end services. The idea is to leverage the synergies between their ITES- BPO operations and the IT services offerings.
Growth in multiple vendor and BOT contracts: the Indian ITES-BPO industry is witnessing an increase in multi vendor and build operate transfer contracts which offer customers advantages such as low risks, scalability and competitive pricing.
Expansion of the services footprint: Indian ITES- BPO vendors are expanding the spectrum of their service offering in client locations and even setting up facilities in other low cost ITES- BPO destinations such as china and the Philippines, in order to tap these markets.
Higher value added offerings: a number of Indian ITES- BPO vendors are moving up the value chain to offer high end services such as equity research and analytics, insurance, and technology support and development.
Vendor polarization: growth within the ITES- BPO segment is becoming centred around the larger players that can offer clients benefits such as scalability, delivery capability, track record, customer referrals etc. Industry observers believe that by 2005 the Indian BPO industry will have 8 to 10 US $ 100 million third party BPO companies. This will give companies a critical mass to compete against multinationals such as EDS, Computer Sciences Corporation and Accenture. Further, it gives prospective clients enough confidence to trust them with larger contracts.
Expanding capacity: the Indian ITES-BPO industry, including MNC, and third party service providers have been expending their capacities during 2002 - 2004. The number of seats has increased from 1,40,000 at the end of march 2003 to around 210,000 in march 2004. Captive units account for almost 65 - 70% of the existing capacity.
IT testing in medical domain
Running Head: IT Testing in medical Domain
Figure: Interface between Business and technology
