Recently, the uses of digital photogrammetry became more popular and now it had made photogrammetric technique became easier, quicker and cheaper. This study discuss about the capabilities of different photogrammetric software to build 3D mapping. The studies area will carry out on Shah Alam city and possible to cover around UiTM. Next data will be using Ground Control Point (GCP) using GPS. Since using two different of photogrammetric software, it involves processing the image such as aerial triangulation (AT), DTM and also Orthophoto. The result will show or found the best software in produce 3D mapping than the others software.
Mapping usually refers to map-making where it representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features and it often used instead of cartography. Mapping term is sometimes used for geospatial data collection like remote sensing. There a many type of mapping for example topographic, bathymetric, cadastral, photogrammetric mapping, remote sensing, etc. From all type of the mapping, photogrammetric is the best mapping because it gaining trustworthy information about physical features and the environment. It can cover from large into small area.
Mapping also can be representing in 2D and also 3D. The photogrammetric technique is often used as data generation and also processing. For data generate will carried out two overlapping aerial photograph. Data processing will be carried out by software. In photogrammetric, 3D model can be generated using 3D stereo model and I also can be generated by various technique.
Some of photogrammetric software consist or provide a different accuracy of 3D model like Erdas Imagine, Topcon PI 3000 Image Master, Leica Photogrammetric Suit and others. However digital photogrammetry like software make the photogrammetric become easier, faster, simpler and also give a low cost. According to ERDAS (2002), this photogrammetric technique is closely integrated into remote sensing and GIS.
According to Anuar Ahmad (2012), Digital photogrammetric method involves processing the digital images of aerial photograph using computer. The digital images can be captured directly using digital camera or scanned from aerial photographs. In digital photogrammetry, many tasks can be highly automated. In this study, there will be used two kind of digital photogrammetric software known as Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) and PHOTOMOD.
LPS can be defined as a photogrammetric software application on imagery and it also used for extracting information from imagery. This imagery may be come from remote sensing, airborne/aircraft cameras, or ground-based cameras. For PHOTOMOD, it is planned for remote sensing data through photogrammetric processing. PHOTOMOD also allows in exploring wide-ranging possibilities and performance. Next data will be used is ground control point which will establish using Global Positioning System (GPS).
By using photogrammetric software, it is to empower users to change raw imagery into dependable data layers required for all digital mapping, 3D visualization and GIS analysis. This will evaluate for capabilities of selected software producing technique for 3D mapping. This study will be benefit for any application for example Location Based Service (LBS), Augmented Reality, 3D city model, etc.
Problem Statement
Nowadays, users cannot deny there a lot of software to process the raw data for photogrammetric. All of them have advantages and disadvantage in creating the quality product. In these studies, it will evaluate for capabilities of selected software producing technique for 3D mapping. This will give some of user choosing the best software for processing the photogrammetry data.
Next problem is about the data input where the current aerial photograph is not been up-to-date. It may be happen because of costing, time and also the equipment. For example costing like the surveyor need to book an aero plane for taking the photograph, if there happen any mistake it need to fly again and it used a lot of money.
Aim
The aim of this study is to produce 3D GIS maps and evaluate their accuracy using different photogrammetric software (LPS, PHOTOMOD, DVP etc.).
Objective
To conduct GPS survey for ground control points.
To produce digital GIS map using photogrammetric techniques and software.
To compare the capabilities of selected photogrammetric software for producing 3D GIS Map.
Scope of Study
This study will focus on comparing the capabilities of the selected photogrammetric software for producing 3D GIS map. For some reason, one of the software maybe users friendly, more accurate, give high resolution mapping or so on.
Study Area
The studies area will carry out on Shah Alam city and possible to cover around UiTM.
Software
For these studies, it is using two different type of software. The software will be use is Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) and PHOTOMOD.
Data Required
In this study, the data will be involved Aerial Photograph and Ground Control Point using Global Positioning System (GPS).
CHAPTER 2
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOFTWARE FOR 3D GIS MAPPING
Introduction
In this chapter describes the theory, application of GIS in 3D mapping by using photogrammetric software.
Mapping
Mapping usually refers to map-making where it representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features and it often used instead of cartography. Mapping term is sometimes used for geospatial data collection like remote sensing. There a many type of mapping for example topographic, bathymetric, cadastral, photogrammetric mapping, remote sensing, etc. From all type of the mapping, photogrammetric is the best mapping because it gaining information about physical features and the environment. It can cover from large into a small area.
Photogrammetric mapping
Photogrammetric mapping can be described as a process of collecting geographic and information about physical ground features and the environment by recording, measuring and interpreting of aerial photographic images. Photogrammetric mapping also can be representing in 2D and also 3D. In photogrammetric, 3D model can be generated using 3D stereo model and also can be generated by various technique. To generate 3D model, it can be using aerial photogrammetry and close range methods. The photogrammetric technique is often used as data generation and also processing. For data generate will carried out two overlapping aerial photograph. The data processing will be carried out by software.
Photogrammetric Software
According to A. Ahmad (2011), Digital photogrammetric method involves processing the digital images of aerial photograph using computer. The digital images can be captured directly using digital camera or scanned from aerial photographs. In digital photogrammetry, many tasks can be highly automated. Some of photogrammetric software produce or provide a different accuracy of 3D model/map such as Erdas Imagine, Topcon PI 3000 Image Master, Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) and others.
However digital photogrammetry like software make the photogrammetric become easier, faster, and simpler and also give a low cost. According to ERDAS (2002), this photogrammetric technique is closely integrated into remote sensing and GIS. In this study, there will be used two kind of digital photogrammetric software known as Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) and PHOTOMOD.
Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS)
LPS can be defined as a photogrammetric software application on imagery and it also used for extracting information from imagery. This imagery may be come from remote sensing, airborne/aircraft cameras, or ground-based cameras. LPS where usually used in raw imagery processing over the creation of geospatial data products for example 3D features, Orthophoto and Digital terrain models (DTM).
PHOTOMOD
One of the digital photogrammetric software will be used in these study is PHOTOMOD. This software was one of first photogrammetric software where it design as off-the-shelf PCs and developed by Racurs Company from Russia. Nowadays, this software was recognized as most popular photogrammetric software at Russia.
PHOTOMOD can be describing as intended for remote sensing data photogrammetric processing. PHOTOMOD also allows in exploring wide-ranging possibilities and performance. The advantages using this software were the data processing workflow not dealing with third party products, It also support variety of input device and also specialize in 3D controllers, and it had high level of automation for the photogrammetric operation.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
There are several stages of methodological process that used in this project. It start from data input as Aerial Photo as a base map. Then the data collecting by establish GCP’s using GPS and after that the data will be process using different software such as PHOTOMOD and LPS. Lastly will be the result and analysis where the result of comparison of photogrammetric software capabilities.
Data Collecting
DATA INPUT
(Aerial Photo)
DATA COLLECTING
Establish Ground Control Points (GSP’s)
DATA PROCESSING
PHOTOMOD and LPS software
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Ground control coordinate (x,y,z)
3D maps of Shah Alam
Comparison table of photogrammetric software capabilities
Aerial Photograph
Ground Control Points
Before starting the data process, ground control points should be collect first. From the definition, ground control points is a point that been located at known location on the earth surface which is used as the references on the images data sources. According to IES (2008), the basic premise for GCP’s and check points is that should be of a quality three better than the specification, that is 0.8m RMSE for the 2.5m RMSE specification.
To establish the control point, the control points need to locate at the target area which easily to identified. The control point should be in open space where there no disruption such as multipath. After that, the coordinate of the control point will be establish or observe by GPS.
Data Processing
There are various processing steps with photogrammetric software start from an orientation and feature extractions from the Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Three fundamental processes in photogrammetry are orientation, IO, RO and EO.
