I have surveyed many of the papers for the current work carried out by most of the researchers. The abstract, methodology, parameters focused for performance evaluation of Ad hoc routing protocols is briefly discussed below:
Paper [4] depicts reverse AODV protocol. Rapid change of topology causes that the route reply could not arrive to the source node, i.e. after a source node sends several route request message, the node obtains a reply message, especially on high speed mobility. This increases both in communication delay and power consumption as well as decrease in packet delivery ratio. To avoid these problems, this paper proposed a reverse AODV which tries multiple route replies.
In this paper [5] authors focus on working implementation of AODV routing protocol by means of certain design possibilities and possible opportunities for obtaining needed AODV events. Authors discuss the socket based mechanism particularly when AODV routing daemon communicates changes to the IP route table. The paper suggests the need of implementation of Generic Netlink Family.
In this paper [6] propose a reverse AODV which tries multiple route replies. The extended AODV is called reverse AODV (R-AODV), which has a novel aspect compared to other on-demand routing protocols on Ad-hoc Networks. Authors design the R-AODV protocol and implement simulation models using NS-2. Simulation results show that the reverse AODV provides good experimental results on packet delivery ratio, power consumption and communication delay.
In this paper [7], author have a glance at successful QoS Models and Protocols of the IP network such as IntServ, DiffServ and RSVP and see how they have affected the evolution of Models and Protocols in the Wireless Ad-Hoc world. The report is mainly concentrated on QoS Models, Signaling Protocols and QoS Routing that have been proposed for MANets. Although QoS MAC Protocols are equivalently important to achieve a complete QoS Architecture they are out of the scope of this report.
In this paper [8] propose a novel way of transmission with stability using a technique called Optimized Power Reactive Routing (OPRR) and for more splendid performances. This proposed protocol avoids new route discovery process in AODV with low power consumption and maintain the stability of node and to improve scalability of the network. Preliminary the simulation using GloMoSim simulator was provided and the result shows the performance enhancements of the Optimized Power Reactive Routing.
This article [9] surveys 802.11 QoS schemes, including service differentiation in the MAC layer, admission control and bandwidth reservation in MAC and higher layers, and link adaptation in the physical layer, designed to meet these challenges by providing the necessary enhancements for the required QoS. Among these challenges, protocol interoperability, multihop scheduling, full mobility support, and seamless vertical handoff among multiple mobile/wireless interfaces are specifically addressed.
In this paper [10] authors had proposed improved AODV routing protocol in previous research. But it had studied about performance analysis based on IEEE 802.11. In this paper, authors proposed improved routing protocol using AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) for sensor network. The simulation result is analysed and compared based on IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4.
This article [11] extensively and exclusively studies the issues involved with QoS routing and presents an overview and comparison of existing QoS base revisions done on AODV protocol, thus providing the reader with insight into their differences and allows to highlight trends in protocol design and identify areas for future research.
In this paper [12], the problem of voice calls over a mobile Ad hoc network that employs IEEE 802.11b standard for the lowest communication layer is considered. The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is assumed as the basic medium access protocol. A new metric for searching a stable routing based on an extended Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is proposed and investigated. The simulation results show that the new routing protocol can improve performance of VoIP over Ad hoc network as compared to the standard.
The focus of this paper [13] is to bring out the supportive point of view to accept C-AODV as a suitable protocol for the tunnel's network which has been built on top of clustered nodes. The tunnel is a subway where the people travel by train for long distance. The likely scenario for the people could be the absence of communication over the network while crossing the tunnel. The network which is exclusively for those tunnel travellers has been highly indispensable.
In this paper [14] the existing Local Repair Trial method in AODV is extended to achieve broadcasting and minimizing the flooding. Enhanced AODV-Local Repair Trial (EAODVLRT) protocol is implemented on NS2 network simulator. Simulations are performed to analyse and compare the behaviour of proposed protocol (EAODVLRT) for varying parameters such as size of network, node load etc. Proposed protocol has been compared with the existing AODV-LRT in terms of routing load, Data delivery ratio.
This paper [15] presents a RREQ message forwarding scheme for AODV that reduces routing overheads. Simulation results show that AODV_EXT achieves 3% energy efficiency, 19.5% improvement in data throughput and 69.5% reduction in the number of dropped packets for a network of 50 nodes. Greater efficiency is achieved in high density network and marginal improvement in networks with a small number of nodes.
The paper [16] compares the performance of three routing protocols for mobile Ad hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and location-aided routing (LAR1). The performance differentials are analysed using varying network load, mobility, and network size. The paper simulates protocols with GLOMOSIM simulator. Based on the observations, they have make recommendations about when the performance of either protocol can be best by plotting different graphs.
This article [17] proposes a new energy and delay aware protocols called, energy and delay aware Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector Routing (EDAODV) and energy and delay aware Dynamic Source Routing (EDDSR) based on extension of AODV and DSR. Simulation results show that the proposed protocols have a better performance than AODV and DSR in terms of energy, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
Article [18] present a fuzzy based priority scheduler for mobile ad-hoc networks, to determine the priority of the packets using Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) as the routing protocols. It is found that the scheduler provides overall improvement in the performance of the system when evaluated under different load and mobility conditions. From the simulation results, the packet delivered for AODV improves by 38% for a total transmission of packets and end-to-end delay decreases by around 0.4seconds.
In this paper [19] authors analyze the performance differentials to compare the above-mentioned commonly used Ad hoc network routing protocols. Authors report the simulation results of three different protocols for wireless Ad hoc networks having thirty nodes. Data rate 2Mbps and simulation time 20 minutes were taken. For this above simulation environment, AODV shows better performance over the other two on-demand protocols, that is, DSR and DSDV.
Novel preventive link maintenance scheme based on directional antennas has been proposed in this paper [20] to extend the life of the link for multi hop infrastructure less networks such as Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). Authors use the ability of directional antennas to orientate radio signals into the desired directions. Authors investigate preventive link maintenance scheme to on-demand routing algorithms. The scheme of creating directional link is proposed to extend the life of link that is about to break.
In this paper [21] authors compare the performance of three routing protocols for mobile Ad hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) , Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), location-aided routing(LAR1).The performance differentials are analysed using varying network load, mobility, and network size. Authors simulate protocols with GLOMOSIM simulator. Based on the observations, authors make recommendations about when the performance of either protocol can be best.
In this paper [22] an attempt has been made to compare the performance of AODV & possible improvement of AODV prominent on demand reactive routing protocols for MANETs. The performance differentials are analysed using varying simulation time. These simulations are carried out using the NS2.27 network simulator. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an Ad hoc environment.
In this paper [23] authors present AODV-AP, a scheme to make AODV nodes aware of the accessibility of the neighbouring nodes in the network. One possible use of this accessibility information, restrict the route discoveries for inaccessible nodes, is also evaluated in this paper. Simulation results show that the use of accessibility knowledge in the route discovery process largely reduces the MAC and Routing overhead. Similarly, the Normalized Throughput with respect to MAC overhead is up to 3 times higher than that in standard AODV which reflects the effective use of network resources.
The aim of this paper [24] is to optimize routing decision and path quality. The nodes' mobility behaviour is predicted using a notion of "Signal Fading Degree, SFD". Performance evaluation of AODV in legacy 802.11 and CMRP in IEEE 802.11e shows that, as a function of speed of node mobility, a tremendous reduction achieved, in metrics such as the average end-to-end delay, route overhead, route discovery frequency, normalized routing load - almost more than 80%, 40%, 40%, and 40%.
This paper [25] focuses to improvement of AODV protocol in wireless networks by finding the hidden terminals in the mobile network and improved the bandwidth utilization by using Fair share algorithm. These hidden terminals degrade the performance of Ad hoc networks for sharing resources on the same bandwidth. The fair share algorithm had been used and run under the network simulator (NS2). The simulated scenario of Ad-Hoc networks performed over 802.11 networks by using simulator NS2.
Paper [26] presents QoS enabled Routing protocol in Ad hoc networks & compare it with normal routing protocol. The performance of both routing & QoS routing protocols evaluated on the presence of information achieved from link layer. The notion of QoS is a guarantee by the network to satisfy a set of pre-determined service performance constraints for the user in terms of the end-to-end delay statistics, available bandwidth and probability of packet loss and so on.
The paper [27] explores the feasibility of using Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) for rural public safety. First, authors discuss a QoS enhancement to a standard routing protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). By incorporating a new routing metric and the available bandwidth and delay estimation algorithms with DSR, authors design a new routing protocol, QoS Aware Source Routing (QASR), to meet the QoS requirements specified by Statement of Requirements (SoR) for public safety communications.
This paper [28] describes power management two schemes namely Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Directional Local Recovery (DLR) performance evaluated and AODV used as the underlying protocol in both the schemes. The simulation results verify that the extended schemes which use AODV as the underlying protocol provides substantial energy savings thus prolonging the battery life of mobile nodes. Simulation is performed using NS2 simulator.
In this paper [29] message exchange scheme for its invalid route reconstruction is being used. Two protocols AODV and DSDV simulated using NS-2 package and were compared in terms throughput, end to end delay and packet faction delivery varying number of nodes, speed and time. Simulation results show that DSDV compared with AODV, DSDV routing protocol consumes more bandwidth, because of the frequent broadcasting of routing updates. AODV also performs better under high mobility simulations than DSDV.
A novel MANET routing protocol, Type of Service, Power and Bandwidth Aware AODV (TSPBA-AODV), which overcomes resource constraints and simultaneously provides QoS guarantees using a cross-layer approach, is proposed in this paper [30]. In addition the effect of variation in nodes' mobility on performance of TSPBA-AODV is compared with that of CPACL-AODV for two different types of network traffic. In addition the effect of variation in data sending rate of nodes on performance of the protocols is also studied.
In this paper [31], authors have evaluated some of the widely used efficient routing protocols with varying transmission range of the node. Data transmitted by a node is received by all the nodes within its communication range. Authors focus on the analysis of varying a range of the transmission in terms of distance. The proposed evaluation was made on routing protocols such as AODV and DSR, which are simulated in Network Simulator (NS2) .The performance of these protocols, is analysed with selected metrics.
In this paper [32] authors propose a reliable QoS routing protocol which bases on the route life time that is obtained using mobility information, the residue energy and hop count. Simulation results show that the SQR-AODV protocol achieves high reliability and stability and also long life time of the network, with high packet delivery ratio, high throughput, low energy consumption and considerable load balancing as compared to best-known on-demand protocol, AODV.
In this paper [33] ENFAT-AODV routing protocol is proposed, which improves the reliability and robustness of the network by creating a backup path for every node on a main path of data delivery. The simulation results prove that the proposed ENFAT-AODV routing protocol enhances the original AODV in term of the reliability, availability and fault-tolerant ability of the network.
One of paper [34] presents, QoS enabled Routing protocol in Ad hoc networks & compare it with normal routing protocol. The performance of both routing & QoS routing protocols evaluated on the presence of information achieved from link layer. The notion of QoS is a guarantee by the network to satisfy a set of pre-determined service performance constraints for the user in terms of the end-to-end delay statistics, available bandwidth and probability of packet loss and so on. QoS enabled routing protocol shows a significant improvement in protocol performance metrics such as bandwidth efficiency ratio(BWER), packet delay, normalized overhead load(NOL). This paper focuses about bandwidth utilization parameter. But doesn't provide the detailing about how the parameters are to be read from link layer & where to store & how they are used for QoS improvement.
Another approach [35] explores that AODV (Ad hoc on-demand Distance vector routing) is a representative among the most widely studied on-demand Ad hoc routing protocols. Previous protocols have shown some shortcomings on performance. AODV and most of the on demand Ad hoc routing protocols use single route reply along reverse path. Rapid change of topology causes that the route reply could not arrive to the source node, i.e. after a source node sends several route request message, the node obtains a reply message, especially on high speed mobility. This increases both in communication delay and power consumption as well as decrease in packet delivery ratio. To avoid these problems, this paper proposed a reverse AODV which tries multiple route replies. The extended AODV is called reverse AODV (R-AODV), which has a novel aspect compared to other on-demand routing protocols on Ad hoc Networks: it reduces path fail correction messages and obtains better performance than the AODV and other protocols have. The design the R-AODV protocol and implementation simulation models is carried out using NS-2. Simulation results show that the reverse AODV provides good experimental results on packet delivery ratio, power consumption and communication delay.
Another paper [36] explores the feasibility of using Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) for rural public safety. First, authors discuss a QoS enhancement to a standard routing protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). By incorporating a new routing metric and the available bandwidth and delay estimation algorithms with DSR, authors design a new routing protocol, QoS Aware Source Routing (QASR), to meet the QoS requirements specified by Statement of Requirements (SoR) for public safety communications. It also evaluates the performance of QASR and the well-known standard routing protocols including Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and DSR based on real public safety scenarios using the OPNET modeler at the 4.9GHz public safety spectrum band. Simulation results show that QASR significantly outperforms DSR and AODV in terms of various performance metrics.
In one of the papers [37], Ad hoc networks are characterized by multi-hop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols. The paper compares the performance of three routing protocols for mobile Ad hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and location-aided routing (LAR1). The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network load, mobility, and network size. The paper simulate protocols with GLOMOSIM simulator. Based on the observations, they have make recommendations about when the performance of either protocol can be best by plotting different graphs.
The paper [38] used here explains that wireless Ad hoc network consists of wireless nodes communicating without the need for a centralized administration, in which all nodes potentially contribute to the routing process. A user can move anytime in an Ad hoc scenario and, as a result, such a network needs to have routing protocols which can adopt dynamically changing topology. To accomplish this, a number of Ad hoc routing protocols have been proposed and implemented, which include Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. In this paper, the analysis of the performance differentials to compare the above-mentioned commonly used Ad hoc network routing protocols. The simulation results of three different protocols for wireless Ad hoc networks having thirty nodes. The performances of proposed networks are evaluated in terms of number of retransmission attempts, Control traffic sent, Control traffic received, Data Traffic sent, Data Traffic received and throughput with the help of OPNET simulator. Data rate 2Mbps and simulation time 20 minutes were taken. For this above simulation environment, AODV shows better performance over the other two on-demand protocols, that is, DSR and DSDV.
In this approach [39], the MANETs are explored. As MANETs gain popularity, their need to support real time applications is growing as well. Quality of service (QoS) provisioning is becoming a critical issue in designing mobile Ad hoc networks due to the necessity of providing multimedia applications. These applications have stringent QoS requirements such as throughput, end-to-end delay, and energy. Due to dynamic topology and bandwidth constraint supporting QoS is a challenging task. QoS aware routing is an important building block for QoS support. The primary goal of the QoS aware protocol is to determine the path from source to destination that satisfies the QoS requirements. This article proposes a new energy and delay aware protocols called, energy and delay aware Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector Routing (EDAODV) and energy and delay aware Dynamic Source Routing (EDDSR) based on extension of AODV and DSR. Simulation results show that the proposed protocols have a better performance than AODV and DSR in terms of energy, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
