Mexico is North American Country and its world major emerging economy. Mexican economy consists mainly of private manufacturing and service. however in 2003 acquisition of Pan-American Beverages, Inc. (Panamco), coca cola establish Coca-Cola FEMSA, S.A. de C.V. FEMSA is join venture entity Majority-owned by the Fomento Económico MexicanoSA de CV (or FEMSA) and minority-owned by the Coca-cola
company and public shareholders. The Company's capital stock is owned 53.7% by the Fomento Económico Mexicano, S.A. de C.V. (FEMSA), 31.6% of the capital Coca-Cola Company, and 14.7% by the public. also JV provide a mutually beneficial alternative for foreign and host nation company as result. Coca-Cola FEMSA became world's second-largest Coca-Cola bottler and the largest in Latin America. The company is bottling for almost 10% of worldwide Coca-Cola sales. Past few decades we can identify the most success full entry strategy is JV in any industry
As the world's second biggest bottler FEMSA produces, markets, and distributes Coca-Cola trademark products, as well as water, and additional beverages in nine Latin American countries. Those countries are Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina.
http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Coca_Cola_Femsa_S.A.B._de_C.V._%28KOF%29
Coca Cola entry Strategies to Indian Market
After 1991 India open its economy to foreign trade and investors, suddenly there GDP and economic growth increased up. as well as trade liberalization in India provide enormous opportunities for western firms ,mainly in consumer goods because there are more than 300 million people in the middle class .moreover compare with other emerging markets in Asia such as China and eastern Europe, India has well developed infrastructure, distribution channel and as well trained and educated work force.
So concentrating above facilities coca cola returned to India in 1993, any way Coca-Cola was the top soft drink brand in India until 1977.As result of Indian government reduces equity stake formula as required under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) which administrates the operations of foreign companies in India.
After a gab of a 16-year, Coca-Cola made its re-entry into India through its 100% owned subsidiary or Wholly owned subsidiary .As well Coca-Cola possession of the nation's top soft-drink brands and bottling network. Coke's acquisition of local popular Indian brands and most trusted brand in India including "Thums Up, Goldspot, Limca, Maaza," which were floated by Parle. HCCBPL is the Indian bottling farm of the Coca-Cola Company. The manufacturing unit of HCCBPL, situated at Bidadi, is the third largest plant and one of the bottling operations owned by the company.
(Coca-Cola India page 4)
There are Four main strategies in international business used by international firms or Multinational Corporation (MNC's).Such strategies can be defined as Global Standardization Strategy, Transnational Strategy, International Strategy, Localization strategy. Earlier 1980 Coca cola company used Localization strategy. However those strategies all changed under the leadership of Roberto Goizueta, his stratergy is focused on Global standardization strategy .This strategy focus on increasing profitability and profit growth by cost reduction through economic of scale and they use Global advertising strategy to promote their brand. As a result of cultural barriers and other issues Global standardization strategy was unsuccessful strategy .There fore after 1990 Global standardization strategy again shift towards the Localization strategy by putting more power to the country managers. Because "Douglas draft"(CEO of coca cola after Goizueta) believed that product development and marketing should be trailed according to local customer taste.
Page 374
"Localization strategy is focused on increasing profitability by customizing the firm's goods or services so that they provide a good match tastes and preference in defendant national markets". As well as this strategy is very important as this make considerable variation across the nation with regard to consumer taste."
Page 396
So concentrating coca cola, its United States brand and, Mexican and Indian people have separate cultures, attitudes and separate tastes. Therefore coca cola have to focus on those countries people's taste when they delivering there brands. To aware consumers to the coke taste, coca cola can implement deferent kind of marketing strategies according to each country, such as brand advertising promotion, product awareness strategy through public relation programs. And also through strong distributing strategy, product can be reached to customer by any time. Afterward we can distinguish separate strategies for Mexico and India.
As mention in entry strategy after India reduced trade restrictions in 1991, more opportunities were opened to consumer goods companies such as coca coal. Coca cola Indian marketing awareness is based on three "A". Affordability focuses on pricing, Acceptability focus on convincing consumer to buy the product and Availability of product to the consumer. Those three emphasizes pricing strategy, brand awareness strategy or Advertising and promotion strategy and distribution strategy.
As coca cola was entered to the Indian market there were many Indian traditional refreshments were existed. Such refreshments including lemon water green coconut water ,fruit juices ,tea and lassi and they were comparatively cheap than coke price. So they have to use a competitive pricing strategy, which is called "Predatory Pricing". In this way to get a competitive price they double the number of outlets. However through that they brought down the average coke price to Rs.10 to Rs.5
http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/CocaCola.htm
"Communication strategy is emphasis the communication of the product to perspective customer. There are number of communication channels available to a firm, including direct selling, Sales promotions, direct marketing and advertising". Earlier coca cola used Standardize advertising for promote there brand all around the world but it was not success Because of above mentioned issues. However coca cola India focused on brand localization strategy through advertising and promotion strategy based on "pull strategy" [2] in line with the traditional aspect such as Indian language to overcome cultural barriers. for example "Thanada Matlab Coca-Cola" emphasize that "Coke means refreshment,"
Coca cola India mainly target Indian rural semi urbane consumers including 96% country population. So in early 2002 they launched a new advertising campaign through involving Indian Bollywood stars. Through that they were able to give the rural consumer of India, coke as a cold drink.
And they also launched another advertising campaign to the urban population of India, which are represented 4% of the country's population. "Life ho to aisi," (life as it should be) was the topic of the advertising campaign.However coca cola India identify that communication media used in cities and urban areas would not be success in rural area because they are lack of television or conventional media. As solution they invest in billboard and cutouts. Appendix
http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/CocaCola.htm
[1] "Predatory pricing Strategy is the use of price as competitive weapon to drive weaker competitors out of a national market". Page 507
[2] "Pull strategy depend on more mass media advertising to communicate the marketing message to potential customers". Page 501
"Distribution strategy: the means it chooses for delivering the product to the consumer. The way the product is delivered is determined by the firm's entry strategy." Page 495
Referring on distribution strategy, they used centralized distribution strategy to the urban areas. (Through this system product was directly transported bottling plant to retailers) Although this strategy was a success in urban areas it was not successful in rural areas. Because "Channel length" [3] is very long distance from rural area to bottling plant it would be very costly. To avoid such massive cost they distribute stock from bottling plant to some particular retailers. CCI planned to transport stock from truck to some particular range spokes to village Retailer Company utilize auto rickshaws and cycles.
CCI implement new plan to identify some significant potential villages from different district, CCI assign large distributor (Hubs) for each district and supply stokes to large distributors twice a week. After that Hubs are supply stokes to the small distributor (spokes) under fix journey plan on weekly base and supply against cash.
http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/CocaCola.htm
Performance in coca cola India
The success of the strategy and can be measured by company profitability and profit growth rate and increasing of the market share. page 375(Golabale Business today)
Thought out above mention strategies CCI acquire Comprising 74% of the Indian population, (41% of its middle class, and 58% of its disposable income, (the rural market was an attractive target and it delivered results. In 2003, income from rural areas increased from 37% and in urban areas growth in 24%. By the launch of the new Rs. 5 product (200 ml bottle), consumption doubled from 2001-2003. And that was by 80% of India's new Coke drinkers, 30% of 2002 volume, and was expected to account for 50% of the company's sales in 2003.Analyzing CCI annual report also we can identify that growing revenue and profit of the company and this also indicate that their market share is continually expanding. Appendix Annual report.
Coca cola india page 5 to 7
http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/CocaCola.htm
Coca cola invest more than US $1 billion in India from 1993 to 2003 by becoming Indian top international investors. In 2003 CCI had won the "prestigious Woodruf Cup" among 22 divisions of the Company based on three broad parameters of volume, profitability, and quality. Volume growth of Coca-Cola India is 39% in 2002. The industry grew 23% nationally. As the growth of the company, Coca-Cola India announced plans to double its capacity at an investment of $125 million (Rs. 750 crore) between September 2002 and March 2003.
Coca cola india page 4
Other than those financial performance coca cola achieve some non financial performance, mainly from quality assurance perspective. To improve their image CCI sponsors "Golden Spoon Awards at the Food Forum India, 2009 in Mumbai." and CCI won the Best Exporter Award for Roasted Coffee Beans for the year 2007 and 2008. Most recognize quality award in India is "Golden Peacock National Quality Award". Accordingly in year 2003 and 2004 CCI won the Golden Peacock National Quality Award for excellent quality standards, high productivity and Community relationships.
Above mention financial and non financial performance they achieved according to their own interest .afterward we can identify corporate social responsibility performance activities in Coca Cola Company. in 2009 Coca-Cola India (CCI) won the "Golden Peacock Global Award" for Corporate Social Responsibility by setting a target to reach a "net zero" stability with respect to groundwater Consumption in year 2009, by replenishing ground water. In same year Coca-Cola India awarded the Bombay Stock Exchange Award for Social and Corporate Governance 2009.As well as for award for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility 2009. Coca-Cola Wins Another Gold Award For Its Citizenship Efforts. Coca-Cola India won the award for its partnership with India's leading NGO BAIF for spreading awareness amongst school students, across India, using an innovative medium like a specially commissioned animation film.
Further more CCI won the Citizenship Challenge Awards - 2006.mainly through out this award measured the CSR initiatives and encourages companies to invest in CSR activities. However winner is measured by three parameters "locally relevant, credible and sustainable" .and CCI wins Bhagidari Award- Fourth time in a row for excellence in water conservation and community development in year 2007. Bhagidari award is based on major three CSR activities such as
On the other hand CCI has been accused of aggravate local water resources in India. An Indian people already suffer from water pollution and harsh droughts, in both urban and rural areas. Mainly affected are the low-income communities and landless farming workers and women. http://sgu05vls.wordpress.com/essay-1-coca-cola/
In addition to those such over absorbing natural water resources, between years 1999-2004 Coca-Cola's bottling plants in south India discharge salty and contaminated wastewater into the environment, polluting water resources including major rivers such as the Ganges. Usable water resources in declining rapidly therefore pouting usable water recourses and over absorbing such resource major impact to the Indian society as well as environment. http://www.news.com.au/business/coca-cola-hit-by-pollution-claim-in-india/story-e6frfm1i-1225844123324
Focused on Coca cola Mexico FEMAS strategies are comparatively different in CCI strategies .because localization as mention above. FEMAS more concentrated on increase profitability by improving revenue. in line with those strategy they more contemplate New product development and new beverage segments and effectively advertise and market the company's products;
New product development means express the whole procedure of bringing a new product to market. Accordingly Coca cola try to earn enormous return. Page 511 therefore FEMAS continuously exploring new lines of beverages, extend existing products, also FEMAS expand their non-carbonate drink portfolio organically throughout strategic acquisitions together with the Coca-Cola Company. To increase demand of the FEMAS product they try to design package to attract the potential consumers.
http://www.cocacolafemsa.com/femsa/web/conteudo_en.asp?tipo=27617&idioma=1&conta=44
FEMSA is the second largest bottling plant and it was the main coca distributor in Latina American countries so their communication strategies is much more different than CCI .because they are dealing with wholesalers or client than final buyers .so they more concentrate "Push strategy"[3] rather than mass media . Therefore FEMSA continually strengthening the selling competence and selectively implementing pre-sale system, with the intention of get nearer to clients and assist them to satisfy the beverage needs of consumers. Coca-Cola FEMSA continually looks to deepen its customer relationships. In Mexico, the company is working closely with its largest clients to develop stronger multi-faceted relationships. Among the company's initiatives, are tailoring its extensive portfolio of products and packages for their stores - based on the local market's socioeconomic demographics and the store's distinctive characteristic. However in order to promote coca cola brand they are use radio ,television and press conferences aspects.
http://www.cocacolafemsa.com/femsa/web/conteudo_en.asp?tipo=27617&idioma=1&conta=44
coca-colafemsa. (2010). Strategy and Competitive Advantages . Available: http://www.coca-colafemsa.com/femsa/web/conteudo_en.asp?tipo=27617&idioma=1&conta=44. Last accessed 28 August 2010.
FEMSA distribution channel is very complex on because it does distribute product to the more than nine Latin American countries. Coca-Cola FEMSA sells its products directly. It has direct contact with all distribution channels in its area. Among these are hypermarkets, supermarkets, self-service stores, restaurants, service stations and small stores. Toward effective their distribution systems Coca-Cola FEMSA select the Microsoft platform to put into operation its SAP management system in all the company's areas
www.microsoft.com/latam/casos/.../CocaCola/CocaCola_english.pdf
Microsoft Corporation. (2002). Coca-Cola FEMSA chose the Microsoft platform to implement its SAP management system in all the company's areas. MICROSOFT WINDOWS NT SERVER 4.0. 1 (1), 1.
[3] Push strategy emphasis personal selling rather than mass media advertising, through in this strategy supply more information to educate buyer. Page 501
Coca cola Performance in Mexico
Coca-Cola FEMSA became the largest bottler of Coca-Cola trademark beverages in Latin America in terms of total sales volume in 2006, with operations in Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil. The company is also the world's second largest Coca-Cola bottler; in addition Coca-Cola FEMSA and the Coca-Cola Company acquire Jugos del Valle, one of the leading juice manufacturers in Mexico and Brazil, through a new joint-venture company. Beyond the potential synergies, this transaction will considerably increase the company's presence in Latin America's fast-growing, but under-developed non-carbonated beverage segment. as result of this Mexico became the world largest Coca cola consumer.
http://www.cocacolafemsa.com/femsa/web/conteudo_en.asp?idioma=1&tipo=27625&conta=44
Coca cola FEMSA Annual report in five year summery they indicate. Their strategies are success, because their main strategy was the increase profit through economic of scale and product development. Accordingly annual report increase higher profit growth rate and profitability. However there is some fluctuation in year 2007 and 2008 as aresult of economic recession in year 2008. (Source: FEMSA Annual report 2009) Appendix 1.4
Examine non financial performance FEMSA is contributed lot of CSR activities. For example coca cola invest in Brazilian Tropical Forest Water Program. Plus Coca-Cola Company in a major national reforestation program in Mexico. In the course of these two projects, Coca-Cola FEMSA plant over 18 million trees over a five-year period,
Also, through its recycling, water management and energy conservation programs, Coca-Cola FEMSA benefits its environment and its business. For example, PET recycling is a win-win proposition for the company and the society. By using more recycled PET in its bottles, the Company utilizes less energy and resources in its business, they preserve fossil fuels and they enhance the quality of its environment.
http://www.cocacolafemsa.com/femsa/web/conteudo_en.asp?idioma=1&tipo=27625&conta=44
