A mock jury scenario was conducted to evaluate the effects that eye-witness testimonies had on 139 participants. In order to study the true affects the testimonies have on decision making process, eye-witness testimonies were manipulated into 3 different categories (credible eye-witness, discredited eye-witness and no eye-witness). Evidence by the prosecution and defence sides were also presented and were consistent across the three independent variable groups. In the past many theorist felt ...
The first points that I want to talk are about the objectives of the Safe City Programs. There are four main goals in creating a safe city. First, is The city to be free from violence such as those that may destroy property and lives for example theft, burglary, etc.; the second objectives, the city that is free from damage due to natural disasters and catastrophes such as floods and landslides; the third objectives are the city that is free from social and moral decline such as drug addictio...
In the wake of World War II, out of fear of Japanese spies, 110,000 Japanese Americans were forced to halt their lives, uproot their families, and live in crowded internment camps for nearly four years-forced by the United States government. This blatant, devastating instance of racial profiling is looked upon in shame by today's federal government; in 1988 President Ronald Ragan signed a bill awarding $20,000 and a presidential letter of apology to every individual or ancestor of an individu...
One cannot easily define the concept of justice. Eitzen and Zinn (2006) in their text state," Justice refers to the use of authority to uphold what is lawful in a completely impartial and fair manner" (p.359). The U.S. system of justice attempts to achieve fairness, but it has not been successful. Laws, application of the law by judges, prisons, and law enforcement express bias against certain members of society. A key component of U.S. democracy is that politics influence justice. Most peopl...
In order to understand the nature of imprisonment, this chapter will briefly look at the historical origins of prison, and then it will move onto justify their theoretical legitimacy: punishment/retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. These theories/ideologies will re-occur through the thesis like themes- what we refer to them as 'meta-concepts'. The final section of this chapter will examine the strategies employed by the Prison Service to reach its ultimate goal of prot...
Behaviour can be explained through biological, learning or cognitive theories. This essay briefly analyses each of them in order to come to an agreement whether prison-based rehabilitation programmes should be abolished in times of financial cutbacks. Research evidence indicates that although much of our behaviour has biological roots as suggested by twin and adoption studies, it does not necessarily mean behaviour cannot be changed. Applications of cognitive and learning theories have proven...
Inside of each cells in the human body, there are components of genetic material called chromosomes. Along these chromosomes, there are millions of genes, which are the fundamental unit of heredity and are composed of DNA. DNA is the substance by which genetic instructions are passed from one generation to the next. The development of DNA a in criminal In 1869 Friedrick Miescher discovered a section of DNA and noted that is was linked to our genetic make-up, but unfortunately, its significanc...
Problem Oriented Policing What, exactly, is problem oriented policing? Critically discuss its potential benefits. Policing in the UK and many other countries play an extremely vital part in helping to reduce different forms of crime. The police have a major impact on what becomes defined as a crime, which offences are prioritized, and which sections of the community are portrayed as ‘dangerous’ or ‘troublesome’. (Waddington 2000:156). There are a number of different approaches to reducing cri...
In the early 20th century, Peel and other reformers were widely praised for their efforts to "de-politicize" the police officer's role. Police departments and their officers, who had previously served as little more than the agents of the political machines of their respective municipalities, were recast as "public servants" who administered the policies and laws on public order. In the 1960s, widespread urban rioting and civil unrest led to the abandonment of what had come to be known as the...
How interesting it is that in Bangladesh the elite force named as Rapid Action Battalion [RAB] kills the arrested persons by the name of cross-fire and name them the criminals. "Extra-judicial", thus the term is used to state the killings. It is called extra judicial because of its type, which works as a process outside the judiciary system of Bangladesh. Farid Ahmed in a non periodical web journal (2010), Such killings are often described in police reports as involving crime suspects who res...
